基于多源辅助数据和神经网络模型的稻田土壤砷空间分布预测

合适的方法和多源的辅助数据对于准确预测土壤重金属的空间分布具有重要意义.该研究提出一种径向基函数神经网络结合普通克里格法的模型(RBFNN_OK),由主成分分析(PCA)提取的地形因子、遥感数据和邻近信息等多源辅助数据作为自变量,预测江西省都昌县稻田土壤砷空间分布.为验证RBFNN_OK的可行性:首先在全县范围内采集144个稻田表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品,运用ArcGIS地统计模块随机抽取115个(80%)采样点作为测试集,29个(20%)采样点作为验证集.其次多源辅助数据包括地形因子、遥感数据和邻近信息等14个定量因子作为预测变量,将预测变量进行主成分分析,得到前10个主成分的累积贡献率达到97.62%.再次一个特定的RBFNN_OK被用来预测土壤砷空间分布.最后将RBFNN_OK模型的预测结果与径向基神经网络模型(RBFNN)、回归克里格模型(RK)和多元逐步线性回归模型(MSLR)进行比较.结果表明,RBFNN_OK的测量值标准偏差与均方根误差的比值(RPD)较其它3种方法分别提高了14.92%、35.71%和44.67%.此外,RBFNN_OK还提供了更加真实且有关土壤砷空间分布的细节信息.RBFNN_OK取得最优效果可能归因于引入多源辅助数据,考虑多源辅助数据和土壤砷之间的多重共线性和非线性关系.该方法可为稻田土壤砷调查与环境保护提供更为精准的信息.     

Beyond the community: integrating local and scientific knowledge in the formal development approval process in Jamaica

Community-based disaster risk management methods routinely include capture of local knowledge which is used to inform community-level risk reduction programmes and development plans. In Jamaica, development planning at the national level has relied historically on scientific knowledge, usually to the exclusion of local knowledge. However, community disaster risk management plans reviewed for this paper show that communities have very clear ideas on the threat posed by hazards, resources at risk from the hazards and ways of reducing the risk. Communities also appreciate the value of cultural and historical sites and are willing to sacrifice development in order to protect and preserve these sites. Such knowledge is valuable for informing risk-sensitive development planning, and should be captured within the formal development approval system. A model is proposed in which community and scientific knowledge can be integrated into the formal development approval process at the national level. The model includes integrating community representatives in technical committee reviews, capturing local knowledge through community consultations and subjecting community knowledge to validation prior to its use. Successful implementation of this model should result in more accurate field assessments for risk-sensitive development planning as local knowledge provides current, site-specific information. Better risk-sensitive development planning will ultimately lead to reduced exposure to hazards and reduction in losses from the impact of hazards for Jamaica.     

基于径向基函数模型的优化方法在地下水污染源识别中的应用

采用一种基于径向基函数的替代模型代替地下水溶质运移模型,将其作为约束条件嵌入污染源识别的优化模型中,通过遗传算法对优化模型进行求解.最后通过一个假想例子评估优化模型的性能.研究表明：污染源泄漏量识别结果的平均绝对误差为1.00g/s,误差较小,计算时间为51min,耗时较少,因此,基于径向基函数模型的优化方法有效地避免了优化模型求解过程中多次调用模拟模型造成的巨大计算负荷,获得了较为准确的计算结果,是一种有效的地下水污染源识别方法,能够用来求解地下水污染源泄漏量.     

How to address data privacy concerns when using social media data in conservation science

Social media data are being increasingly used in conservation science to study human–nature interactions. User-generated content, such as images, video, text, and audio, and the associated metadata can be used to assess such interactions. A number of social media platforms provide free access to user-generated social media content. However, similar to any research involving people, scientific investigations based on social media data require compliance with highest standards of data privacy and data protection, even when data are publicly available. Should social media data be misused, the risks to individual users' privacy and well-being can be substantial. We investigated the legal basis for using social media data while ensuring data subjects’ rights through a case study based on the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation. The risks associated with using social media data in research include accidental and purposeful misidentification that has the potential to cause psychological or physical harm to an identified person. To collect, store, protect, share, and manage social media data in a way that prevents potential risks to users involved, one should minimize data, anonymize data, and follow strict data management procedure. Risk-based approaches, such as a data privacy impact assessment, can be used to identify and minimize privacy risks to social media users, to demonstrate accountability and to comply with data protection legislation. We recommend that conservation scientists carefully consider our recommendations in devising their research objectives so as to facilitate responsible use of social media data in conservation science research, for example, in conservation culturomics and investigations of illegal wildlife trade online.     

试论安全管理中惩罚的合理应用

介绍了惩罚的定义、类型、作用及负效应。重点阐述了在安全管理中如何科学合理地利用惩罚。     

“Guardianship” and the “Rural Workshop”—The First Quarter-century of U.K. Experience in Nature Conservation

In the U.K., the Countryside Act of 1968 represented the first “updating” of the pioneering National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act of 1949. Through the archival material that survives for the Ministry of Agriculture and Nature Conservancy, the paper commemorates that first quarter-century of post-war adjustment to the needs of farming and wildlife conservation. It does so through a case study of the documented discussion, both inter-agency and within separate counsels, of whether agricultural improvement grants should be paid for land scheduled as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). The post-war assumptions of both parties were shattered by clashes over the SSSIs of Cavenham Heath (Suffolk) and Waddingham Common (Lincolnshire). Characterized as a “cold” war, there was a point beyond which antipathy served no one's interests. Fully aware of the options available to policy-makers, both parties recognized the Countryside Bill as an opportunity to obtain greater protection for SSSIs without prejudicing the larger notions of guardianship of the rural resource and the importance that continued to be given to the countryside as the farmer's “workshop”.     

中国科技人才资源区域差异与类型

中国科技人才资源的地区和部门分布具有明显的区域差异.在三大地带间、地区内和各省市间差异程度不同且有扩大趋势,在三个重要部门中配置也表现出明显的地域差异.根据科技人才资源赋存状况及部门配置的区位熵值,将各省市区分成5种类型:科技人才资源高度型、中高度型、中度型、中低度型、低度型,这些区域类型与我国的区域经济发展格局相适应.     

The Precautionary Principle: Scientific Uncertainty and Omitted Research in the Context of GMO Use and Release

Commercialization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have sparked profound controversies concerning adequate approaches to risk regulation. Scientific uncertainty and ambiguity, omitted research areas, and lack of basic knowledge crucial to risk assessmentshave become apparent. The objective of this article is to discuss the policy and practical implementation of the Precautionary Principle. A major conclusion is that the void in scientific understanding concerning risks posed by secondary effects and the complexity ofcause-effect relations warrant further research. Initiatives to approach the acceptance or rejection of a number of risk-associated hypotheses is badly needed. Further, since scientific advice plays a key role in GMOregulations, scientists have a responsibility to address and communicate uncertainty to policy makers and the public. Hence, the acceptance of uncertainty is not only a scientific issue, but is related to public policy and involves an ethical dimension.     

谈科技论文的写作规范

为使作者、编辑在科技论文写作与编审更趋规范，根据审稿工作中遇到的诸多共性问题，系统地阐述了科技论文写作的规范。     

依靠环境科技,坚持科学管理,推动环保事业深入发展

阐述了环境科技工作的重要意义,近年来环境科技工作的进展和存在问题,部署了下一步的重点工作。