GIS支持下乡镇域土壤肥力评价与分析

在地理信息系统支持下,以鄂南典型红壤丘陵区为例,研究了乡镇域土壤肥力评价的方法和过程,分析了土壤肥力变化原因。结果表明,应用GIS对乡镇域土壤肥力进行评价能克服速度慢、数据更新不方便的缺点,避免乡镇农业决策者主观判断土壤肥力等级的弊病,为生产布局和用地决策提供准确的科学依据。试区土壤肥力与土壤养分、土地利用和区域经济有关,肥力等级有向中等级变化的趋势。     

高架路桥的震害、震害原因及抗震措施

对近年来美、日等国的高架道路和高架桥梁所遭受到的地震破坏以及破坏原因进行了概述,对其在高架路桥的规划、设计、施工过程中所要取的抗震措施作了介绍。     

Characterization of Organic Compounds in Compost-Amended Soil

Samples of compost-amended soil from waste dumping sites in Lagos Metropolis were extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 20 cm³) and the extract was evaporated at 35 °>C. The residue was extracted with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and portions of the solution were applied to a column containing silica gel from which aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were eluted with n-hexane and toluene respectively. Analysis of the n-hexane fraction using gas chromatography showed the presence of a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, ranging from C₉ to C₂₅, while ultraviolet analysis of the toluene fraction suggested 1,2-benzanthracene; 2,3-benzphenanthrene, chrysene and pyrene as polyaromatic compounds present in samples analyzed. The crude extracts were highly coloured and viscous. Total extractable organic residues in the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane extracts ranged from 36 to 89 mg g^-1 of soil.     

Heavy metal contamination in the vicinity of an industrial area near Bucharest

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Chromium enters into the aquatic environment as a result of effluent discharge from steel works, electroplating, leather tanning industries and chemical industries. As the Cr(VI) is very harmful to living organisms, it should be quickly removed from the environment when it happens to be contaminated. Therefore, the aim of this laboratory research was to develop a rapid, simple and adaptable solvent extraction system to quantitatively remove Cr(VI) from polluted waters. METHODS: Aqueous salt-solutions containing Cr(VI) as CrO4(2-) at ppm level (4-6 ppm) were prepared. Equal volumes (5 ml) of aqueous and organic (2-PrOH) phases were mixed in a 10 ml centrifuge tube for 15 min, centrifuged and separated. Concentrations of Cr(VI), in both the aqueous and organic phases, were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of salt and acid concentrations, and phase-contact time on the extraction of Cr(VI) were investigated. In addition, the extraction of Cr(VI) was assessed in the presence of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC) in 2-PrOH phase. Effects of some other metals, (Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)), on the extraction of Cr(VI) were also investigated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The Cr(VI) at ppm level was extracted quantitatively by salting-out the homogeneous system of water and 2-propanol(2-PrOH) using chloride salts, namely CaCl2 or NaCl, under acidic chloride media. The extracted chemical species of Cr(VI) was confirmed to be the CrO3Cl-. The ion-pair complex extracted into the organic phase was rationalized as the solvated ion-pair complex of [2-PrOH2+, CrO3Cl-]. The complex was no longer stable. It implied the reaction between extracted species. Studies revealed that salts and acid directly participated in the formation of the above complex. Use of extracting agents (TMAC) didn't show any significant effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) under high salting-out conditions. There is no significant interference effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) by the presence of other metals. The Cr(VI) in the organic phase was back-extracted using an aqueous ammonia solution (1.6 mol dm(-3)) containing 3 mol dm(-3) NaCl. The extraction mechanism of Cr(VI) is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Salting-out of homogeneous mixed solvent of 2-propanol can be employed to extract Cr(VI) quantitatively, as an ion-pair of [2-PrOH2+ * CrO3Cl-] solvated by 2-PrOH molecules. Then, the complex becomes 'solvent-like' and is readily separated into the organic phase. The increase of Cl- ion concentration in the aqueous phase favors the extraction. The 2-PrOH, salts and acid play important roles in the extraction process. There is no need to use an extracting agent at a high salting-out condition. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Chromium(VI) must be quickly removed before it enters into the natural cycle. As the 2-PrOH is water-miscible in any proportion, ion-pairing between 2-PrOH2+ and CrO3Cl- becomes very fast. As a result, Cr(VI) can easily be extracted. Therefore, the method is recommended as a simple, rapid and adaptable method to quickly separate Cr(VI) from aqueous samples.     

工程塑料环境因素与载荷应力耦合作用试验装置研究

目的 设计一种能够模拟工程塑料实际服役工作环境的试验装置,在多型自然环境中,构建兼具环境因素侵蚀与载荷应力耦合作用的试验条件。方法 研制工程塑料环境因素与载荷应力协同作用试验装置,采用包括拉伸加载、弯曲加载、控制系统等组件的模块化设计,实现0.01~16 Hz加载频率的拉伸及弯曲载荷,最大1 550 kg的拉伸载荷,最大375 kg的弯曲载荷。结果 将研制完成的试验装置置于多型自然环境下对试验施加恒定和交变载荷,以真实模拟工程塑料实际服役中的环境因素与载荷应力协同作用。结论 试验装置制造加工难度小,结构稳定可靠,可用于评价和研究工程塑料等系列类型材料的环境损伤性能演变。     

随机振动加速度响应谱及与冲击等效性分析

目的 获得随机振动的加速度响应谱,提升随机振动与冲击的等效性分析精度。方法 首先,基于维纳-辛钦定理,推导单自由度系统在随机振动基础激励作用下加速度响应均方值的通用表达式;其次,分别推导单自由度系统在理想白噪声和限带非均匀谱随机振动基础激励作用下的加速度响应均方值;再次,基于3σ准则,推导限带非均匀谱随机振动的3σ加速度响应谱;最后,基于加速度响应等效,通过将装备随机振动条件的3σ加速度响应谱与冲击条件的冲击响应谱进行等效性分析,对GJB 150.18A—2009中的冲击试验剪裁条件进行精细优化。结果 精细优化后,可有效改善冲击试验剪裁条件的工程实施精度。结论 获得了限带非均匀谱随机振动的3σ加速度响应谱,并基于此对GJB 150.18A—2009中的冲击试验剪裁条件进行了精细优化,对于装备合理剪裁冲击试验具有借鉴意义。     

Photo-degradation organic dyes by Sb-based organic-inorganic hybrid ferroelectrics

The organic-inorganic hybrid halide compounds have emerged as one of the most promising photoelectric material for their superior optoelectronic properties and hold great prospects for renewable energy substitutes and environmental protection as photocatalysis. Here, we report the optical properties of the Sb-based organic-inorganic hybrid ferroelectric materials: pyridine-4-aminium tetrachloroantimonate ((C₅H₇N₂)SbCl₄, sample 1), piperidin-1-aminium tetrachloroantimonate ((C₅H₁₃N₂)SbCl₄, sample 2) and tris(trimethylammonium) nonachlorodiantimonate (((CH₃)₃NH)₃Sb₂Cl₉, sample 3), which are a kind of exploited efficient photocatalysts. Samples 2 and 3 exhibit distinct photoelectric respond, which are mainly ascribed to their minor narrow band-gap compared with sample 1. For the ferroelectrics, the intrinsic of spontaneous polarization of sample 3 at room temperature is favourable for the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes within the photorespond process. Moreover, sample 3 shows the highest efficiency of photo-decomposed Rhodamine B (90.2% within 80 min) and Methyl Orange (MO) (97.4% within 50 min), thanks to the photo-excited electrons and holes promoting the formation of oxidative radical species during the photo-redox progress. These findings prove that the development of a novel Sb-based organic-inorganic hybrid halide compounds with good stability in the degradation of organic dyes paves a way to designing new photocatalyst.     

舰船环境适应性设计方法探索与实践

探索舰船环境适应性的设计方法,以提高舰船在各种复杂环境下的适应能力。分析了舰船环境适应性设计中面临的若干问题和改进提高方向,参考借鉴国内外航空航天、电子等行业成功经验,提出了指导舰船环境适应性设计的主要设计原则和工作内容。围绕改善环境条件、加强耐环境能力设计这2个方面,提出了3种环境适应性设计方法,包括基于规范的设计方法、基于环境仿真的设计方法、基于预使用验证的设计方法。根据舰船风浪环境适应性设计的特点和要求,选择采用环境仿真和模型试验技术开展了应用研究。基于分析结果,提出了增加水线面系数、调整浮心、优化线型等多项改进措施建议。采用环境仿真和模型试验相结合的方式,可有效支撑舰船风浪环境适应性设计和评估,这一方法具有较高的工程推广应用价值。另外,未来应加大环境仿真技术的研究和应用力度,尝试开展多因素综合环境仿真,以进一步提高舰船的环境适应性。     

海洋环境服役发动机腐蚀损伤分析及防护能力提升建议

通过我国航空发动机海洋环境服役过程中腐蚀情况的调研,结合文献资料,分析腐蚀防护与控制技术的应用现状,提出未来工作建议。目前海洋环境服役航空发动机的腐蚀防护与控制缺少贯穿方案论证、设计研制、使用维修等全寿命周期各阶段的综合考虑,制约解决腐蚀问题的关键技术没有突破,研制生产过程中,存在耐腐蚀性能评估不合理的问题。应开展腐蚀智能监测、识别、模拟仿真等技术的研发与应用,实现海洋环境服役发动机的腐蚀损伤监控与预警,构建发动机腐蚀环境适应性试验评价技术体系,满足新体制下装备试验鉴定工作要求。急需开展长寿命防护涂层技术、维护技术专项研究,以适应严酷海洋大气环境和航空动力装置高可靠性研制要求。