基于数值模拟的海湾环境容量价值损失的预测评估 ——以厦门同安湾围填海为例

基于海湾环境容量价值影响因素的分析,采用环境经济学的影子工程法,结合水动力数值模型及其与污染物扩散的耦合模型,建立了围填海导致的海湾环境容量价值损失的预测评估模型和方法,并以厦门同安湾为例,对同安湾4个围填海规划方案可能造成的环境容量价值的损失进行了预测评估.结果表明,方案1~方案4围填海面积依次为1.98,7.73,9.38,19.24km2,围填海造成的环境容量的损失依次为12281.3,48418.6,60706.6,132800.1万元/a,单位面积的损失依次为62.03,62.64,64.72,69.02元/(m2×a).围填海活动带来的环境成本不容忽视.基于评估结果,针对厦门围填海的现状提出了相关的政策建议.     

自净作用下渤海海域COD环境容量研究

为测算自净作用下我国渤海COD环境容量,按地理特征将渤海水域划分为莱州湾、渤海湾、辽东湾以及渤海中部4个分区,从水动力交换扩散和化学降解两个方面入手,一方面利用各分区水半交换周期分别求得COD的扩散能力,另一方面利用COD衰减规律得到其降解能力,综合后得到各分区在不同水质标准下COD的环境容量.研究表明,渤海各湾水域COD浓度和环境容量各不相同,其中,莱州湾水质属于较清洁,在此区间内还有26%的环境余量;渤海湾水质属于轻度污染,在此区间内还有5%的环境余量,辽东湾水质属于较清洁,在此区间内还有88%的环境余量.     

我国南海海域渔业环境保护法律问题与对策

我国南海渔业活动及其以外的人类活动产生的环境问题,严重污染了南海海域的水质,威胁着南海渔业资源的可持续发展。我国南海海域渔业环境保护法律体系已形成,提供了较为合理的制度安排。但仍存在一些法律问题,其中以环境影响评价制度、海洋环境监测制度和海水养殖污染防治制度等方面的问题较为突出。因此本文提出以下法律对策:明确渔业部门在环境影响评价制度中的法律地位,加强渔业海域环境监测的协调机制和完善海水养殖污染防治制度,以期依靠法治的力量保护南海渔业资源的可持续发展。     

波浪槽模拟海况检验消油剂的乳化性能

采用波浪槽模拟海浪的运动状况,研究了波浪对消油剂清除海面溢油的作用,检验了海环牌1号消油剂海上使用的乳 化率性能,阐明了消油剂在波浪作用下的乳化分散规律。     

船载雷达海冰监测及预报技术在辽东湾冰区油轮外输作业中的应用

渤海的辽东湾是世界上典型的海湾结冰区,位于冰区中的石油平台油轮外输作业中,流冰连续不断地漂移、聚集形成堆积冰,给海上油轮的外输作业安全带来严重危害。本文概述了在国内首次利用船载雷达,在该湾冰区石油平台上,现场采用雷达海冰监测预报技术系统,进行遥感海冰数据源的获取,图像的解译和数值化处理,得到流冰类型、冰厚度、流冰密集度、流冰速度、方向、流冰漂移轨迹等要素。同时首次现场实时计算出雷达冰漂流场矢量图,并开展了雷达海冰数值跟踪预报,在冰区油轮外输作业中得到很好应用,为雷达技术对水体和海冰监测和预报、遥感应用新领域提供科学依据。     

深海环境腐蚀试验技术及研究进展

从深海实海环境试验、模拟试验、原位电化学测试、数值仿真等方面阐述了深海环境试验技术的发展演变过程。介绍了国内外主要深海腐蚀研究使用的试验装置种类,各类装置的优缺点和使用场景,并以试验装置为平台,发展了金属材料深海原位电化学测试技术及深海测试数据实时远程传输技术。介绍了实验室模拟深海环境腐蚀试验技术由单因素模拟到多因素模拟,并结合力学及实时测试的发展历程。阐述了数值仿真技术在深海环境腐蚀研究方面的应用,推介了2项ISO深海环境试验方法国际标准,回顾了近期在材料深海环境腐蚀研究方面取得的最新成果。面向深海装备应用的需求,从新试验技术发展出发,探讨了深海试验技术研究的发展方向和趋势。     

基于山江海视角与SRP模型的桂西南-北部湾生态环境脆弱性评价

为揭示桂西南喀斯特-北部湾海岸带生态环境脆弱性,本研究基于山江海视角,采用生态敏感度-生态恢复力-生态压力度(SRP)模型、无纲量化模型、层次分析法,结合生态环境脆弱性指数,对该区域进行了生态环境脆弱性的评价,为该区域的生态环境治理和恢复提供科学的理论基础和技术指导.结果表明:(1)2000～2018年三期生态环境脆弱...     

Toxicity of anti-fouling paints for use on ships and leisure boats to non-target organisms representing three trophic levels

Leachates of anti-fouling paints for use on ships and leisure boats are examined for their ecotoxicological potential. Paint leachates were produced in both 7‰ artificial (ASW) and natural seawater (NSW) and tested on three organisms, the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne, and the crustacean Nitocra spinipes. Generally, leaching in ASW produced a more toxic leachate and was up to 12 times more toxic to the organisms than was the corresponding NSW leachate. The toxicity could be explained by elevated concentrations of Cu and Zn in the ASW leachates. Of the NSW leachates, those from the ship paints were more toxic than those from leisure boat paints. The most toxic paint was the biocide-free leisure boat paint Micron Eco. This implies that substances other than added active agents (biocides) were responsible for the observed toxicity, which would not have been discovered without the use of biological tests.     

Seasonal variation of organochlorine contaminants in bonito (Sarda sarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L. 1758) in Black Sea region, Turkey

The concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides were determined in bonito (Sardasarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulisencrasicolus L. 1758) from the Black Sea, Turkey. Concentrations of total indicator PCBs ranged between <1-17.0 in bonito, and <1-17.5 ng/g fresh weight in anchovy, and total of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane and its metabolites’ (DDTs) concentrations ranged between 13.4-26.3, and 2.96-19.0 ng/g fresh weight in bonito and anchovy respectively. PCB 52, p,p′-DDE and endosulfan (α + β) were found dominant in both of the fish species. Except endosulfan, and some DDT metabolites, none of the studied organochlorine pesticides was detected in the fish samples. Concentrations of PCBs in anchovy were found higher than those in bonito, whereas DDT and endosulfan concentrations were found similar in both of the fish species. All of the fish samples had residue concentrations below the maximum residue limits (MRL) recommended by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.     

Can California coastal managers plan for sea-level rise in a cost-effective way?

This paper examines five representative sites on the California coast to illustrate a cost-effective methodology using tools and data that local decision makers can apply to analyse the economics of sea level rise (SLR) adaptation. We estimate the costs/benefits of selected responses (e.g. no action, nourishment, seawalls) to future flooding and erosion risks exacerbated by SLR. We estimate the economic value of changes to public/private property, recreational and habitat value, and beach related spending/tax revenues. Our findings indicate that the costs of SLR are significant but uneven across communities, and there is no single best strategy for adaptation. For example, Los Angeles's Venice Beach could lose $450 million in tourism revenue by 2100 with a 1.4 m SLR scenario while San Francisco's Ocean Beach would lose $80 million, but the impacts to structures could total nearly $560 million at Ocean Beach compared to $50 million at Venice Beach.