Dynamics of heavy-metal transfer between biotic (Cytheria chione and Cerastoderma edule) and abiotic (water and sediment) components in marine environment (Bay of Martil, Moroccan Mediterranean coast)

This study deals with the transfer of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Ti, Zn, and Cu) between abiotic and biotic components (Cytheria chione and Cerastoderma edule) in the inshore intertidal zones of Tetouan/Martil over 2 yr of investigation (1992-1994). Analysis of the heavy-metal accumulation kinetics in Cytheria chione and Cerastoderma edule shows that their highest contents occur during the spring-summer period when an important proliferation of the plankton biomass occurs. However, the accumulation of Cd is higher during the period between winter and spring. In general, heavy-metal concentrations are higher at Cytheria chione than at Cerastoderma edule. These results, according to previous studies, suggest the presence of significant correlations and dynamic reciprocal transfer of heavy metals among seawater, sediment, and molluscs. They also suggest that the level of contamination of decreasing heavy metals follows the sequence: sediment, organisms, and water. Among the molluscs investigated, the variability of the thallium (Tl) contents is difficult to detect due to the very weak presence of this metal in the analysed tissues.     

广西近岸海域麻痹性贝类毒素分析

通过对近年来广西近岸海域贝类样品的麻痹性贝毒素小白鼠生物法和高效液相色谱法检测结果的分析,表明广西近岸海域多处地区和多种生物含有麻痹性贝毒素;4～5月及7～11月为两个毒性值的年高峰期;GTX4、GTX5和GTX3毒素成分的检出率较高等。     

Understanding climate,adapting to change: indigenous cultural values and climate change impacts in North Queensland

Many authors have suggested that Indigenous communities are especially vulnerable to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change, yet there remains a paucity of fine-grained geographic data on the particular impacts of climate change on specific places and on local communities, especially Australian Indigenous communities. While there are some recent studies being undertaken with Australia's Torres Strait Island people, our research takes up the issues of vulnerability and resilience with two Indigenous communities from different environments on the mainland in North Queensland. They are the Aboriginal peoples of the rainforest and reef environments of the Wet Tropics and the Aboriginal people of the discontiguous rainforest, grasslands, dry forests and marine environments of Cape York. The results demonstrate variability in their understandings of climate change and in their capacities to anticipate and manage its impacts, while at the same time illustrating some common held themes about environmental and cultural values, observed environmental change, attributions of cause and effect, and of climate in general.     

Some criteria for assessing the state and dynamics of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in the Russian part of the species range

The state of sea otter populations has been assessed by a comparative method using criteria such as the density of equilibrium populations (on Medny and Iturup islands), food supply, and effects of certain external factors. Optimal values of population density for larger islands have been calculated using the Arcview GIS 3.3 program. For the inhabited water area (from the shoreline to the 50-m isobath), they range from 3.1 to 3.4 ind./km². The composition of sea otter diet and its changes on the Commander Islands, Kuril Islands, and southern Kamchatka are analyzed. The diameter of eaten sea urchins is considered as a parameter characterizing the degree of colonization of living space by sea otters. It is concluded that the abundance of these animals in the Russian part of the species range may slightly increase in the future due to the growth of their populations on the southern and middle Kurils.     

基于资源环境承载力的渤海滨海城市产业结构综合评价

以经济效益、资源产出力、资源环境承载力相协调为目标,在多层次评价指标体系下,引入产业结构综合评价坐标系统(CECS,comprehensive evaluating coordinate system),对基于资源环境承载力的产业结构进行定性和定量相结合的描述分析,在分析产业结构构成时综合运用统计学方法和威孚-托马斯逼...     

风云三号卫星微波成像仪海面温度产品检验

目的方法 利用全球海-气综合数据集(ICOADS),对FY-3C MWRI海面温度产品按照升降轨进行检验,并对不同风速及太阳辐射(白天、夜晚)条件下的检验结果进行分析.结果 FY-3C MWRI SST产品升轨绝对误差为0.950 K,均方根误差为1.278 K;降轨绝对误差为1.186 K,均方根误差为1.692 K,升轨精度优于降轨精度.分别对风速小于6 m/s、6～12 m/s以及大于12 m/s时的绝对误差、均方根误差进行分析,高风速(>12 m/s)以及白天低风速(0～6 m/s)条件下,均会导致卫星反演海温与实测海温之间差异的增加.结论 该研究结果对改进算法模型,提高产品的质量和可信度有重要的参考价值.     

海域功能分类体系协调性判别方法

海域功能分类是海洋空间规划编制和实施的基础标准,建立不同海域功能分类体系的协调方案是实现海洋空间规划多规合一的必要条件。因此,梳理我国现行海域功能分类体系,选取实施已久的海洋功能区划的功能区分类,以及自然资源部最新推出作为国土空间规划标准的海域利用分类,在明确海域功能分类体系协调性内涵的基础上,从海域用途符合性、环境质量标准符合性、开发利用影响三方面构建不同海域功能分类体系的协调性判别方法,并依此得出海洋功能区分类和海域利用分类的协调性判别矩阵。结果表明：协调类型为“兼容”或“有条件兼容”的海域利用组合共计22对,为国土空间规划中海域混合利用和分层利用的重点关注对象。     

Managing conflicts between economic activities and threatened migratory marine species toward creating a multiobjective blue economy

Harnessing the economic potential of the oceans is key to combating poverty, enhancing food security, and strengthening economies. But the concomitant risk of intensified resource extraction to migratory species is worrying given these species contribute to important ecological processes, often underpin alternative livelihoods, and are mostly already threatened. We thus sought to quantify the potential conflict between key economic activities (5 fisheries and hydrocarbon exploitation) and sea turtle migration corridors in a region with rapid economic development: southern and eastern Africa. We satellite tracked the movement of 20 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and 14 leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) turtles during their postnesting migrations. We used movement‐based kernel density estimation to identify migration corridors for each species. We overlaid these corridors on maps of the distribution and intensity of economic activities, quantified the extent of overlap and threat posed by each activity on each species, and compared the effects of activities. These results were compared with annual bycatch rates in the respective fisheries. Both species’ 3 corridors overlapped most with longline fishing, but the effect was worse for leatherbacks: their bycatch rates of approximately 1500/year were substantial relative to the regional population size of <100 nesting females/annum. This bycatch rate is likely slowing population growth. Artisanal fisheries may be of greater concern for loggerheads than for leatherbacks, but the population appears to be withstanding the high bycatch rates because it is increasing exponentially. The hydrocarbon industry currently has a moderately low impact on both species, but mining in key areas (e.g., Southern Mozambique) may undermine >50 years of conservation, potentially affecting >80% of loggerheads, 33% of the (critically endangered) leatherbacks, and their nesting beaches. We support establishing blue economies (i.e., generating wealth from the ocean), but oceans need to be carefully zoned and responsibly managed in both space and time to achieve economic (resource extraction), ecological (conservation, maintenance of processes), and social (maintenance of alternative livelihood opportunities, alleviate poverty) objectives.     

Shark aggregation and tourism: opportunities and challenges of an emerging phenomenon

In the last few winters, shark communities have been aggregating near the Israeli Mediterranean coast, at a specific point, near Hadera power station. This unusual phenomenon has fascinated residents, visitors, kayakers, divers, and swimmers. We analyse the effects of this intense human interest on the sharks, using contingent behaviour, in Hadera and in Ashkelon, where sharks are present and there is available infrastructure for their observation. We also report on changes in shark behaviour due to change in tourism intensity. We find a change of about ILS 4.1 million annually for both sites but a larger individual consumer surplus in Hadera, where sharks are currently observable. Touristic intensity crosses the threshold level by about 12% and making the socio-equilibrium sustainable for both humans and sharks would have a social cost of ILS 0.157 million. This paper, which is based on the assessment of conservation values to marine and coastal tourists, raises a need for spatial planning in order to protect this endangered species.     

Gillnet illumination as an effective measure to reduce sea turtle bycatch

The growing demand for fish around the world is an immediate threat to marine megafauna that are unintentionally captured in commercial and artisanal fishery operations. Bycatch mitigation strategies, such as turtle excluder devices, circle hooks, and net illumination, have successfully reduced this risk in some fisheries. We explored the effectiveness of gillnet illumination to reduce sea turtle captures in 2 artisanal fisheries (Mankoadze and Winneba, Ghana) under normal fishing conditions. We first quantified sea turtle bycatch in Ghana's artisanal gillnet fishery from 15 boats for 12 months. We then quantified catch of targeted species and sea turtle bycatch from 20 boats for 15 months (7427 net sets). For 10 of these boats, we placed a Centro Economy green light (1 LED) at each 10-m interval on the net. We also quantified target catch and sea turtle bycatch from 30 boats for 8 months (2250 net sets). In 15 of these boats, a Centro Deluxe green light (3 LEDs) was installed at 15-m intervals. Boats with economy lights and those with deluxe lights both exhibited an 81% decrease in sea turtle captures (W = 1, p < 0.001, n = 20; W = 215, p < 0.001, n = 30, respectively) compared with control boats without lights. Illuminated nets resulted in fewer turtle catches for leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) (p < 0.05 for all species). Target catch (mass) (W = 53, p = 0.853 n = 20; W = 76, p = 0.449, n = 23) and value (W = 50, p = 1, n = 20; W = 69, p = 0.728, = 23) were not different across treatments. Our study affirms net illumination can reduce capture rates of 3 species of sea turtles, including the imperiled leatherback. Gear modification methods can successfully reduce bycatch if they are affordable and have broad applications for multiple species in different fisheries.