临海产业用海的海域利用效率测算与分析研究

选取港口工程、船舶、电力、石化工业和其他产业类型为典型产业用海,对中国东部沿海省份产业用海的海域利用效率进行测算,并确定其控制值.结果表明除港口工程外,其他临海产业的用海效率南北和省区差异不明显.港口工程、船舶工业和石化工业的控制值应大于0.65,电力工业不得小于0.55.建设并完善国家、省、市、县四级海域使用动态监视监测体系,健全和规范海域使用权市场流转机制等,有利于提高临海产业部门的海域利用效率.     

铜合金在模拟深海低温条件下的电偶腐蚀行为研究

目的研究管路铜合金在模拟深海低温条件下的电偶腐蚀行为。方法对舰船常用的管路材料B10合金与管路泵阀材料镍铝青铜偶接后的电偶电位和电偶电流进行监测,对其电偶腐蚀速率和系数进行计算,评价电偶腐蚀敏感性。最后,结合动电位极化曲线的测量探讨温度对偶对阴阳极铜合金腐蚀行为的影响。结果 B10合金为偶合阴极,受到保护,而镍铝青铜为偶合阳极,加速腐蚀。在深海低温条件下,偶对的电偶腐蚀效应和腐蚀速率均较低,表现出轻度电偶腐蚀敏感性。结论温度的降低一方面会减缓B10合金Cu2O钝化膜中Ni的占位,降低膜层电位,同时减缓镍铝青铜的脱Al腐蚀,从而缩小了两者自腐蚀电位的差异,降低电偶腐蚀效应;另一方面,温度的降低会减缓阳离子向溶液本体中的迁移,造成腐蚀产物在电极表面的积累,抑制阳极溶解过程,也会大幅降低氧的扩散速率,造成阴极反应阻力的增大,降低电偶腐蚀速率。     

某冶炼厂拆迁场地土壤重金属污染健康风险评价

按照环保部最新颁布实施的污染场地风险评估技术导则(HJ 25.3—2014),选取Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As 6种重金属元素为主要污染物,结合Pearson相关分析及克里金差值法,对某冶炼厂拆迁场地土壤进行健康风险评价。结果表明:拆迁场地土壤中重金属污染集中于生产区及堆放场,污染程度为生产区≈堆放场生活区,6种重金属平均值低于《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准》B级(HJ 350—2007),Pb、Zn、Cd平均值高于广西省和中国土壤元素背景值;相关分析表明Cu分别与Pb、Zn、Cr、As,Pb-Cr、Pb-As及Zn-Cd存在极显著正相关关系;健康风险评价结果表明生活区土壤中6种重金属对人体健康不会产生不良或危害效应;生产区和堆放场土壤中Cr存在致癌风险,As存在致癌风险和非致癌危害。成人血铅模型(ALM)计算得出生活区、生产区及堆放场中成人血铅浓度值分别为4.98μg·d L-1、5.04μg·d L-1、5.03μg·d L-1,低于成人血铅浓度风险评价的基准值5.8μg·d L-1,且Pb的平均值低于国内外居住用地土壤铅环境基准值。     

Trophic State in Voyageurs National Park Lakes before and after Implementation of a Revised Water‐Level Management Plan

We compiled Secchi depth, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a (Chla) data from Voyageurs National Park lakes and compared datasets before and after a new water‐level management plan was implemented in January 2000. Average Secchi depth transparency improved (from 1.9 to 2.1 m, p = 0.020) between 1977‐1999 and 2000‐2011 in Kabetogama Lake for August samples only and remained unchanged in Rainy, Namakan, and Sand Point Lakes, and Black Bay in Rainy Lake. Average open‐water season Chla concentration decreased in Black Bay (from an average of 13 to 6.0 μg/l, p = 0.001) and Kabetogama Lake (from 9.9 to 6.2 μg/l, p = 0.006) between 1977‐1999 and 2000‐2011. Trophic state index decreased significantly in Black Bay from 59 to 51 (p = 0.006) and in Kabetogama Lake from 57 to 50 (p = 0.006) between 1977‐1999 and 2000‐2011. Trophic state indices based on Chla indicated that after 2000, Sand Point, Namakan, and Rainy Lakes remained oligotrophic, whereas eutrophication has decreased in Kabetogama Lake and Black Bay. Although nutrient inputs from inflows and internal sources are still sufficient to produce annual cyanobacterial blooms and may inhibit designated water uses, trophic state has decreased for Kabetogama Lake and Black Bay and there has been no decline in lake ecosystem health since the implementation of the revised water‐level management plan.     

黄土丘陵区不同有机碳水平侵蚀坡面土壤微生物量碳的分布特征

通过分析5种不同有机碳水平侵蚀坡面上土壤微生物量碳的空间分布特征及其影响因素,探究了不同土壤有机碳水平下侵蚀和土壤微生物量碳的"压力-响应"关系.结果表明:10~20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量随土壤有机碳水平的增加而增加.0~10 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量比10~20 cm土层更易受坡面有机碳背景的影响,且对侵蚀的响应较敏感;2土壤微生物碳含量随着土层深度的加深而减少,当坡面有机碳水平为5.68 g·kg-1时,土壤微生物量碳的剖面分布差异最大.土壤微生物量碳的水平分布表现为沉积区对照区侵蚀区,当坡面有机碳含量在4.92~5.65 g·kg-1范围内,其水平分布差异较大.即在中等有机碳水平的侵蚀坡面上,土壤微生物量碳的空间分布差异较大,对侵蚀的响应较敏感;3土壤微生物量碳的空间分布主要受坡面土壤有机碳水平的影响;其次受坡位、土壤平均含水量、土壤容重等的影响.     

近40a来中国喜马拉雅山不同流域冰湖演化特征

基于1970年代、1990、2000、2010年4个时相的冰湖编目数据,分析近40 a来中国喜马拉雅山区不同时段、不同流域和不同海拔冰湖的变化特征。近40 a来中国喜马拉雅山区冰湖变化总体呈现"数量弱减少、面积持续显著增大"的趋势,平均数量减少0.3%,面积增加53.1%±11.5%,但冰湖变化年代际差异明显。西部流域冰湖面积增速明显快于东部流域,由西至东,平均以线性递减率为2.4%/(°)的趋势减少。不同海拔高度的冰湖面积呈扩张态势,76.7%的流域冰湖面积年净增率在不同高度带上呈现出"单峰型"增长模式,其他流域呈"双峰型"甚至"多峰型"扩张模式,体现不同高程上冰湖扩张的复杂性与气候变化的垂直差异性。     

The legacy of migration in response to climate stress: learning from the Gilbertese resettlement in the Solomon Islands

The long‐term threat of sea‐level rise to coral atoll and reef island communities in Kiribati, Tuvalu and other nations has raised the possibility of international migration. Historical resettlements in the Pacific may provide valuable insight into the long‐term effect of future climate change‐related migration on communities. This study evaluates the challenges faced by Gilbertese people resettled from modern‐day Kiribati to Ghizo in the Solomon Islands by the British colonial administration in the mid‐1900s. Drawing upon field interviews (n = 45) conducted in 2011 and the available historical literature, the study examines the circumstances of the initial failed resettlement in the equatorial Phoenix Islands, the subsequent relocation to Ghizo, and the recent concerns of the Gilbertese in Ghizo. Focus is placed on the struggle to recover from the 2007 tsunami that devastated the unprepared community. The analysis reveals that uncertainty about land tenure (raised by 61% of respondents) persists 60 years after resettlement, and is linked to the ability to recover from the tsunami, tensions with the Melanesian population, concerns over political representation, cultural decline, and education and employment opportunities. The Gilbertese experience can serve as a cautionary tale for policymakers considering mechanisms for facilitating climate change‐related migration.     

The influence of street level bureaucracy on the implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment

A number of factors are critical to the implementation of measures identified through Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes. This paper addresses the challenge of implementation from a street level perspective and studies the role of planners and their use of discretion in the SEA implementation process: in which way might planners hinder or facilitate the implementation of SEA? Which coping mechanisms and discretions are deliberately or unconsciously developed and used by the planners? The paper reviews the literature on street level bureaucracy (SLB) in order to identify both factors influencing the implementation behaviour of street level bureaucrats and their coping mechanism when confronted with these factors. Based upon the SLB theory, a case study explores the SLB behaviour involved in the implementation of the SEA of the Copenhagen spatial plan. The analysis shows a surprisingly high level of implementation of measures put forward in the SEA report, and underlines the role of planners at the front line of implementation, functioning as ‘innovators’ during the SEA process and the following implementation of measures. The paper documents the importance of examining planners’ role in SEA and their potential as levers for SEA implementation.     

2020年全国公众防震减灾素养水平及主要特点研究

2020年中国地震局开展了全国公众防震减灾知识普及和科普满意度抽样调查,结果显示,17.1%的受访者具备防震减灾素养,与2018年中国公民科学素质调查结果相比较,公众防震减灾素养水平的区域分布有明显不一样的规律,公众防震减灾素养水平与区域经济发展水平之间没有明显的相关性,区域地震灾害程度和个人地震经历对公众防震减灾素养水平有显著的影响。防震减灾素养水平在城乡、性别、受教育水平等不同群体中的差别,和中国公民科学素质调查结果基本一致,受教育水平对防震减灾素养水平影响最大。在不同年龄群体中的差别则和中国公民科学素质调查结果不同,显示出独特的规律。在防震减灾科普工作中,需要重视公众防震减灾素养水平的这些特点,采取有针对性的措施来提升科普效率。     

基于多源中高分辨率遥感数据提取渤海辽东湾海冰要素信息

海冰厚度是海冰参数中最为重要和最难获取的参数之一,对海洋灾害预警、气候变化等研究均有重要意义。本文选取2018年1月到3月的10景多源(Sentinel-2、Landsat-8、Landsat-7)中高分辨率影像对渤海辽东湾的海冰进行了监测。基于归一化水体指数进行海陆分割,通过分析海水与海冰光谱特征差异,利用最大似然法监督分类提取海冰区域,运用反照率与海冰厚度之间的经验指数模型反演海冰厚度,将反演结果与Zubov模型计算的冰厚结果进行比较,相关系数为0.884,证明了中高分辨率光学遥感数据在海冰厚度反演中的可行性。同时发挥中高分辨率遥感数据的优势,利用冰厚信息提取海冰类型、估算海冰资源量,为渤海海冰的防灾减灾以及海冰资源利用提供参考。