磨盘山水库水质富营养化的防治对策研究

磨盘山水库是哈尔滨市人民重要的饮用水源地。从库区面源污染来源、农业各类面源污染入库量比较、磨盘山水库水质富营养化状况及趋势等方面论述了磨盘山水库水质富营养化防治对策。提出要加强磨盘山水库水质的科学研究,防止水库水质的富营养化发生。     

松花江流域面源污染特征与防治对策

在概述松花江流域水环境状况的基础上,分析了其面源污染的特征,农药流失、超量和不合理施用化肥、规模化养殖、生产、生活污水排放是流域面源污染的主要来源。结合面源污染特征等因素,有针对性地确定治理技术,如加强对面源污染防治工作重要性的认识、作好面源污染监测和防治技术示范推广工作、发展循环型农业等,提出了保护与治理可行的污染防治对策。     

沸石滤料曝气生物滤池的挂膜启动研究

采用沸石滤料曝气生物滤池（ZBAF）,对微污染水源水预处理的挂膜启动进行研究。试验结果表明：挂膜过程中CODMn和氨氮的去除率提高不同步,好氧异养菌的增殖速度较快,硝化菌增殖较慢;ZBAF对氨氮具有很好的去除效果,去除率高达90%以上。启动初期对氨氮的去除以离子交换作用为主,末期以硝化作用为主,CODMn的去除一直处于不稳定状态,故对于ZBAF应以氨氮的硝化去除率达到稳定作为挂膜成熟的标志,而不以氨氮总去除率及CODMn去除率作为标志。     

Spectral characteristics of plant communities from salt marshes:A case study from Chongming Dongtan,Yangtzeestuary,China

The spectral reflectance of recently formed salt marshes at the mouth of the Yangtze River, which are undergoing invasion by Spartina alterniflora, were assessed to determine the potential utility of remotely sensed data in assessing future invasion and changes in species composition. Following a review of published research on remote sensing of salt marshes, 53 locations along three transects were sampled for paired data on plant species composition and spectral reflectance using a FieldSpec™ Pro JR Field Portable Spectroradiometer. Spectral data were processed concerning reflectance, and the averaged reflectance values for each sample were reanalysed to correspond to a 12-waveband bandset of the Compact Airborne Spectral Imager. The spectral data were summarised using principal components analysis (PCA) and the relationships between the vegetation composition, and the PCA axes of spectral data were examined. The first PCA axis of the reflectance data showed a strong correlation with variability in near infrared reflectance and ‘brightness’, while the second axis was correlated with visible reflectance and ‘greenness’. Total vegetation cover, vegetation height, and mudflat cover were all significantly related to the first axis. The implications of this in terms of the ability of remote sensing to distinguish the various salt marsh species and in particular the invasive species S. alterniflora were discussed. Major differences in species with various physiognomies could be recognised but problems occurred in separating early colonising S. alterniflora from other species at that stage. Further work using multi-seasonal hyperspectral data might assist in solving these problems.     

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years, with control of the main municipal and industrial point pollution sources and implementation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body, the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually, while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catchments. As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control, an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and management system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area. As the key technology in rural solid waste treatment, both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely benefits in efficiency, large handling capacity, high quality of the end product, as well as good economic return. Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-composting such as pathogens, high moisture content, asynchronism in the decomposition of different substrates, and low quality of the end product can all be tackled. 92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area, while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%, which prevented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after implementation of the project.     

太浦河饮用水源地取水方式研究

太浦河是上海市青浦区第二自来水厂的水源地。自来水厂从河道直接取水,但河水部分水质未达水源地水质标准,不但加重了处理成本,也导致供水水质不能得到保证。傍河布井取水方式能自然净化水质,特别是能去除某些传统自来水厂直接净化河水不能去除的污染物质。通过分析太浦河地区水文地质及水质水量等,探讨了该研究区傍河布井取水的主要技术条件。结果显示在太浦河傍河布井取水,可获得比直接河道取水更为优良的水质,水量充足,且取水工程经济可行,有很好的开发利用前景。     

第一次全国污染源普查档案归档工作的探讨

本文对污染源普查档案工作归纳总结,它是普查工作保留的重要成果,也为将来的环境监测、环境管理提供重要的依据。     

南水北调中线工程总干渠沿线经过河流水质评价

选取南水北调中线总干渠工程沿线的19条河流,对其水环境特征进行了为期1年的动态监测。利用单因子污染指数评价每条河流的污染因子和污染源类型,在此基础上,由综合污染指数评价得知,河南的赵河、贾鲁河、河北的孟良河,北京的琉璃河水质为Ⅳ类中度污染;河南的卫河、河北的洨河、天津的北运河水质为Ⅴ类重度污染,天津的独流碱河水质为劣Ⅴ类严重污染。评价Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类、劣Ⅴ类河流水质指标污染分担率确定污染水体主要污染物及其来源。总体来看,水质沿工程总干渠由南到北逐渐恶化,污染类型也由农业型转向工业型。研究结果可为中线工程的水资源合理配置与沿线河流污染的有效控制提供科学依据.     

江苏淮河流域工业点源负荷空间分布特征研究

搞清流域工业点源的空间分异特征,可为水环境整治与工业规划提供参考依据。采用工业污染源普查数据建立污染源信息数据库,在GIS技术、密度分析法与ESDA方法支撑下,探析江苏淮河流域工业点源与工业污染负荷空间格局与特征。结果显示：工业点源集聚于城市、县城及专业乡镇,污染行业地域分异现象显著,其中,河流、港口及临湖地区成为高负荷工业点源集聚地区,化工、造纸、化纤与医药等行业的工业集中于临海、临河及临湖地区,饮料制造业、副食品加工业点源集中于工业化水平较低的北部流域的少数乡镇,工业氨氮多数来自化工业。在不同工业化水平下,工业污染负荷空间差异大,南部流域负荷整体水平高于北部,北部流域高负荷区分布于少数乡镇与城区     

污染源环境监管体系建设现状及对策研究

我国环境治理体系正在不断趋于完善,而有效的污染源环境监管体系是国家环境治理体系的基础和核心。本文从污染源环境监管体制、政策制度、实施运行机制以及监管能力保障等方面,系统梳理了党的十八大以来污染源环境监管体系建设主要改革举措和总体进展,分析了深化改革仍然存在的主要问题、原因和挑战。立足于进一步加强相关政策措施系统性、集成性,切实提高污染源环境监管的权威性、有效性和透明性,本文初步提出了污染源环境监管与服务体系建设的思路框架,并针对当前污染源环境监管存在的问题,从运行机制模式、监管保障体系、守法引导服务等方面提出对策建议。