Formation characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar PCBs in fly ash from a gasification–melting process of municipal solid waste

PCDDs/DF and Co-PCB (dioxin) formations were studied with ash from a newly developed gasification and melting process for municipal solid waste. Ash samples were heated in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. Emphasis was placed on the effects of the type and composition of ash, temperatures, gas residence time, and gaseous organic precursors. Investigations using macroscopic and homologue distribution analyses led to the following conclusion. The ash from the gasification–melting process had the ability to generate dioxins in flue gas. A possible carbon source is unburned carbon in the ash samples, although this was very low (less than 0.01%). An experimental result that the level of dioxins generated from preheated fly ash obtained from a conventional incinerator was much lower than that from nonheated fly ash supported this conclusion. Dioxin concentrations obviously showed temperature dependence and peaked at 350°C. Dioxins formed in a gasification–melting process ash were readily desorbed from the surface, probably because of the low carbon content of the ash. There was no experimental evidence that gaseous organic precursors fed to the reactor generated dioxins. Therefore, an organic precursor was not essential for the formation of dioxins. A good linear relationship obtained between PCDDs/DFs and gas residence time also supported the assumption. Received: February 14, 2000 / Accepted: June 30, 2000     

Urban expansion and its contribution to the regional carbon emissions: Using the model based on the population density distribution

The method is used for calculating regional urban area dynamics and the resulting carbon emissions (from the land-conversion) for the period of 1980 till 2050 for the eight world regions. This approach is based on the fact that the spatial distribution of population density is close to the two-parametric Γ-distribution [Kendall, M.G., Stuart, A., 1958. The Advanced Theory of Statistics, vol. 1.2. Academic Press, New York; Vaughn, R., 1987. Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns, Pion, London]. The developed model provides us with the scenario of urbanisation, based on which the regional and world dynamics of carbon emissions and export from cities, and the annual total urban carbon balance are estimated. According to our estimations, world annual emissions of carbon as a result of urbanisation increase up to 1.25 GtC in 2005 and begin to decrease afterwards. If we compare the emission maximum with the annual emission caused by deforestation, 1.36 GtC per year, then we can say that the role of urbanised territories (UT) in the global carbon balance is of a comparable magnitude. Regarding the world annual export of carbon from UT, we observe its monotonous growth by three times, reaching 505 MtC. The latter, is comparable to the amount of carbon transported by rivers into the ocean (196–537 MtC). The current model shows that urbanisation is inhibited in the interval 2020–2030, and by 2050 the growth of urbanised areas would almost stop. Hence, the total balance, being almost constant until 2000, then starts to decrease at an almost constant rate. By the end of the XXI century, the total carbon balance will be equal to zero, with the exchange flows fully balanced, and may even be negative, with the system beginning to take up carbon from the atmosphere, i.e., becomes a “sink”. The regional dynamics is somewhat more complex, i.e., some regions, like China, Asia and Pacific are being active sources of Carbon through the studied period, while others are changing from source to sink or continue to be neutral in respect the GCC.     

Importance of Habitat Quality and Landscape Connectivity for the Persistence of Endangered Natterjack Toads

Abstract: The natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) is endangered in several parts of its distribution, including Belgium, where it occurs mainly in artificial habitats. We parameterized a general model for natterjack population viability analysis (PVA) and tested its sensitivity to changes in the values of basic parameters. Then we assessed the relative efficiency of various conservation measures in 2 situations: a small isolated population and a system of 4 populations connected by rare dispersal movements. We based the population viability analysis on a stage‐structured model of natterjack population dynamics. We parameterized the model in the RAMAS GIS platform with vital rates obtained from our own field experience and from published studies. Simulated natterjack populations were highly sensitive to habitat quality (particularly pond drying), to dispersal from surrounding local populations, and to a lesser extent to values of fecundity and survival of terrestrial stages. Population trajectories were nearly insensitive to initial abundances, carrying capacities, and the frequency of extreme climatic conditions. The simulations showed that in habitats with highly ephemeral ponds, where premetamorphosis mortality was high, natterjack populations nearly always had a very high extinction risk. We also illustrated how low dispersal rates (<1 dispersing individual/generation) efficiently rescued declining local populations. Such source‐sink dynamics demonstrate that the identification and management of source populations should be a high priority.     

苏南地区部分饮用水源水的有机污染物研究

以美国EPA建议的多污染物分析与评价系统,对苏南地区部分饮用水源水质的危险度进行了评价。评价结果各水样健康危险度均>1,表明各水样对人健康均存在潜在危害,而生态风险度均<1。同时,采用人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验,对各水样有机浓集物的生物毒性进行了研究,结果表明水样浓集物可对淋巴细胞DNA产生不同程度的损伤,存在一定的遗传毒性。试验结果与水质状况基本一致,表明上述两种方法对于评价水体有机物污染的有效性。     

海盐非均相反应对山东沿海大气O3浓度的影响

通过改进WRF-CMAQ模型中非均相反应模块,定量研究了2017年夏季和冬季海盐与含氮气体非均相反应对我国山东沿海地区大气O₃浓度的影响.模拟结果表明,考虑海盐气溶胶非均相反应后,山东沿海地区夏季O₃小时浓度增加了0.2×10^-9~6.6×10^-9（0.5%~15.5%）,冬季增加了0.8×10^-9~15.3×10^-9（1.7%~27.4%）,ClNO₂在夏季和冬季分别增加了100×10^-12~250×10^-12,300×10^-12~650×10^-12;夏季O₃浓度增加主要集中在山东东部,而冬季O₃的增加则覆盖了山东大部分地区,表明海盐非均相反应对冬季O₃的影响强度及范围均明显高于夏季.海盐非均相反应引起的O₃浓度增加主要发生在日间,特别是8：00~16：00.该反应对渤海及南黄海大气O₃浓度也有影响,且在这些海域生成的O₃可通过4条传输路径影响山东沿海地区,甚至可影响到济南、菏泽等山东中西部地区（距离山东东部海岸线~350km）;海洋大气中O₃的传输可造成山东东部沿海O₃浓度升高0.2×10^-9~15.3×10^-9,山东中西部O₃升高0.3×10^-9~6.2×10^-9.     

Forecasting the e ects of EU policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface waters

We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at the scale of the Weser river basin (Germany) using an area di erentiated (100 m 100 m) approach. REGFLUD combines the agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the nitrate leaching from the soil. For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union (EU) groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO3-N/L, e ective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015. The e ects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015. The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the e ects of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate. From the results of the model analysis the needs for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of measures. Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union in the Weser basin.     

典型化工集中区环境空气SVOCs污染特征及来源解析

于冬春两季在华东3个典型石化化工集中区设置环境空气观测点,利用PUF大气被动采样技术(PUF-PAS)采集大气中半挥发性有机化合物(SVOCs),使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行分析.获得59种SVOCs的浓度,包括25种多环芳烃(PAHs)、24种正构烷烃及10种藿烷,并结合主成分分析和特征比值法解析PAHs来源.结果表明:①各观测点正构烷烃贡献率最高,其次是PAHs,分别超过60％和30％;②根据各化合物冬春季浓度变化并结合风向进行分析,推测正构烷烃C18、C29 αβ-藿烷和C30αβ-藿烷与石油化工排放有关;③PAHs单体以菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)、萘(Nap)、芴(Flu)和芘(Pyr)为主,合计占比高达90.0％;④主成分分析显示观测点PAHs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、机动车尾气和石化工艺排放等,3类来源对PAHs的贡献率分别为56.0％、19.2％和8.6％,基于特征比值法的PAHs来源解析予以了验证.     

中国北方某市城市绿地土壤重金属空间分布特征、污染评价及来源解析

为掌握北方某市城市中心区绿地土壤环境状况,对其中心区城市绿地土壤重金属(Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn和Ni)的空间分布、来源及污染现状进行分析和评价.结果表明,该市中心区的城市绿地土壤环境质量整体良好.土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量均值分别为:0.172、0.202、9.02、34.7、57.0、31.2、85.7以及26.3 mg·kg^-1.Cd、Hg、Pb和Zn平均含量均超过同为北方地区的京津唐土壤背景值.所有点位各项重金属含量均不超过国家建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准的污染风险筛选值.空间上,As、Cr和Ni含量高值出现于西北部; Cd和Zn含量高值出现于东北部; Hg、Pb和Cu的高值区集中在城市核心区.对于不同土地利用类型土壤,Cd、Zn和Ni在企业绿地土壤中含量显著高于其他元素,Hg、Pb和Cu等在公园绿地和居民绿地土壤中含量较高.土壤污染评价结果表明,97.2%的样点内梅罗综合污染指数小于1,为清洁土壤;所有样点潜在生态风险指数均小于80,属轻微生态风险水平.多元统计分析表明,Cu、Pb和Hg为人为源,与古建...     

武汉集中式饮用水源地土壤重金属的时空分布特征及生态风险评价

研究了武汉市19个集中式饮用水源地土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的时空分布特征,采用单因子污染指数和综合污染指数分析重金属污染程度,利用潜在生态风险指数评价重金属生态风险,通过相关性和聚类分析重金属的来源.结果表明,武汉市中心城区水源地土壤重金属的含量普遍高于远城区,同时长江干流附近的水源地土...     

太湖表层沉积物重金属污染评价与来源分析

对太湖湖区表层沉积物中11种重金属的总量进行调查分析,借助地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分析了重金属的污染程度和生态风险,并利用主成分分析-绝对主成分分数-多元线性回归受体模型对重金属来源进行解析.结果显示太湖沉积物中Cd、Sb含量平均值分别为江苏省土壤背景值的4.29倍和3.18倍,地累积指数表明Cd和Sb为偏中度...