不同滤料滤池启动期内对铁锰离子的去除机制

采用两座小试生物滤池,考察了锰矿砂和石英砂滤料在启动期内对铁锰离子的去除特性,并结合材料表征手段解析了过滤去除机制.启动运行结果表明,在进水铁锰质量浓度为2～3 mg·L~(-1)和0. 3～0. 6 mg·L~(-1)时,石英砂滤池分别需要15 d和30 d完成铁锰的去除,而锰矿砂滤池在10 d内完成除铁过程,而出水锰质量浓度始终低于0. 1 mg·L~(-1),满足国标要求.锰矿砂表面天然铁锰氧化物的吸附催化作用是其去除效果优于石英砂的关键.一方面,当铁氧化物在石英砂滤池内形成后,其同样能继续吸附催化铁离子,两滤池对铁离子的最终转化产物为复合氧化物,2价与3价铁的比值在1∶1. 44～1∶1. 54之间.其次,在启动期内,锰矿砂滤池对锰离子的去除以吸附催化氧化完成,其产物为3价态锰,而后续在生物作用下趋于转化为4价;石英砂滤池对锰离子的去除以吸附主导,但吸附容量饱和后以生物作用为主.最终,锰离子转化产物为2价、3价和4价态的复合态氧化物.此外,锰氧化产物呈层状结构,铁氧化产物为颗粒形态,二者均能披覆在滤料表面,但后者更容易被反洗出滤层,而前者则倾向于披覆在锰矿砂表面或积累在石英砂滤层孔隙间.     

经济增长下的渤海环境容量预测

据1999,2002—2005年渤海活性磷酸盐、石油类、无机氮的水质监测资料。采用箱式模型。估算渤海及各分区现状下及不同经济增长率下的环境容量预测值。估算结果显示．分污染物来看,各年份均是无机氮较大,石油类次之．活性磷酸盐较小;分区域来看。各年份各污染物均是渤海中部较大,辽东湾、渤海湾次之,莱州湾最小;从时间变化来看。除活性磷酸盐外。石油类和无机氯自2002年到2004年逐年减小。假设渤海污染物排入量随着经济增长每年增加5％。以达到环境容量极限值需要的年数来看。自2005年。分别在7年、4年、17年后渤海的石油类、活性磷酸盐、无机氮将达不到一类水质标准,50年、19年、37年后超过四类水质下环境容量极限值;假设随着经济增长污染物排海量每年增长10％,那么自2005年起。29年、13年和22年后三种污染物将超过四类水质下环境容量极限值。     

广西近岸海域入海污染物特征分析

根据2008年广西近岸海域入海污染源的监测调查结果,找出污染物的主要特征。结果表明,广西近岸海域入海污染物以有机物和营养盐为主,入海河流携带的有机物和营养盐占绝大部分,其次是市政混合排污口及海水养殖向近岸海域排放了较多有机物及营养盐。     

Sea to air transport of trace gases in the coastal zone: a literature review

Exchange of trace gases between the oceans and the atmosphere affects the atmospheric content and cycling of a range of chemical species which are related to climate change, ozone layer depletion, acid deposition, eutrophication, atmospheric particle formation, photo-oxidants, trace metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The effects and impacts of air–sea exchange of these gases can be local, regional and global. Until now, most of the research has concentrated on the sea–air exchange of trace gases in the open ocean. The flux rates of the trace gases from the coastal waters to the air are much higher than the rates for the open ocean and the contribution of the coastal areas to the total oceanic emissions of these trace gases can be significant on a global scale. This contribution can be as high as 50% and more for nitrous oxide and COS. Concerning the contribution of the trace gas production in the coastal areas to the total global production of these gases, it can be concluded that this contribution seems to be below 2% except for nitrous oxide. However, it should be pointed out that on the local and even regional scale the emissions in the coastal areas can be very important, contributing substantially to the total emission of these gases in a studied area. Thus, there is a need to carry out studies in the future with the aim to provide more accurate understanding of the production and sea–air exchange processes for these gases around the world. Electronic Publication     

海上风电基础阴极保护技术研究

目的 探究外加单一电流阴极保护（Impressed Current Catholic Protection,ICCP）系统、单一牺牲阳极保护（Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection,SACP）系统以及SACP与ICCP系统联合保护3种工况下对海上风电基础的最优保护方案。方法 通过对3种工况进行数值模拟计算,对比不同工况下阴极保护系统对风电基础的保护效果。确定最优工况后,构建大比尺模型对最佳工况进行该工况下的实海测试实验。结果 单一SACP、单一ICCP系统以及SACP与ICCP系统联合保护3种工况下,风电基础保护电位区间分别为–926～–881 mV、–1 018～–985 mV和–984～–963 mV。实海测试实验中,导管架电位分布为–1 029～–912 mV。数值模拟结果与实验结果基本一致。结论 当SACP与ICCP系统联合保护时,保护效果最好。随着输出电流的逐步增大,风电基础模型逐步趋于过保护状态。     

应用卫星散射计资料研究中国海海面风场时空特征

利用QuikSCAT卫星散射计2003年1月-2008年12月中国海6a的数据,采用经验正交（EOF）方法,对中国海海面风场的时空特征进行分析。研究表明,第一模态占总比例的72．31％,说明影响中国海风速偏差的主要因素是东亚季风。     

2006年夏季浙江海域赤潮生物群落分布

研究了2006年夏季浙江海域(120°～128°E,26°～30°N)91个站位赤潮生物物种组成及群落分布,共检出赤潮生物4门30属69种,其中角毛藻属和原多甲藻属种类数占优势.赤潮生物种类数及数量分布由近岸向外海递减且有随水深增加而减少的趋势,高值区为舟山群岛和南麂列岛海域.舟山群岛海域夏季赤潮生物优势种为旋链角毛藻,是新的引发赤潮的潜在藻种;南麂列岛海域夏季赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻,与往年调查结果相符.舟山群岛和南麂列岛海域仍然是浙江海域赤潮发生敏感区.     

围填海造成的海岸带生态系统服务损耗的货币化评估技术探讨

从围填海负面生态影响的货币化评估的必要性和重要性入手,基于国内外相关研究的分析,将海岸带生态系统服务划分为两大类,一类是提供物质性产品和条件的供给服务;另一类是提供其他非物质性的服务,包括调节、文化和支持服务,并对供给、调节、文化和支持四类服务各自包含的具体子服务加以识别.在此基础上,针对海岸带生态系统提供的各类服务自身的特点,运用直接市场法、替代市场法、调查评价法和成果参照法,提出了围填海造成的海岸带生态系统服务损害的货币化评估技术选择的基本框架,并构建了四类服务(子服务)损耗货币化的相应评估模型.     

Importance of deepening integration of crime and conservation sciences

Conservation crime is a globally distributed societal problem. Conservation crime science, an emerging interdisciplinary field, has the potential to help address this problem. However, its utility depends on serious reflection on the transposition of crime science approaches to conservation contexts, which may differ in meaningful ways from traditional crime contexts. We considered the breadth of crime science approaches being used in conservation as well as the depth of crime science integration in conservation. We used the case of sea cucumber (Holothuria floridana, Isostichopus badionotus) trafficking in Mexico as an example of why the interdisciplinarity of crime and conservation sciences should be deepened and how integration can help ideate new solutions. We first conducted a review of literature to capture the range of interdisciplinarity applications. We identified 6 crime science approaches being applied to the conservation contexts of illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; wildlife and plant crime; and illegal logging. We then compared this knowledge base to the case of illegal sea cucumber fishing in Mexico. We identified 5 challenges in the application of these approaches to conservation contexts: the relative diffusion of harms and victims in conservation crimes; scalar mismatches in crime, authority, and the conservation issue itself; interactions between legal and illegal networks; communities and their authority to define and control crime; and the role of natural science in the rule of law. Considering these 5 factors may enhance the depth of interdisciplinarity between crime and conservation sciences. Nurturing interdisciplinary crime and conservation science will expand innovation and help accelerate successful risk management programs and other policy agendas.     

Recent Changes in the Hydrobiology of the Aral Sea

Since 1992 attempts have been made to isolate and conserve the northern part of the Aral Sea of means of a dam. Changes in the main aquatic communities between 1985 and 1994 based on field work, laboratory investigations and literature surveys are described and the future prospects for the region are discussed.