海平面上升对珠江口水位影响的分析

珠江三角洲水位变化存在着大量不确定性、不精确性,这些特性既具有模糊特征,也具有灰色特征。在分析珠江三角洲灯笼山站年平均水位的变化特征和闸坡站海平面变化趋势的基础上,利用灰关联法分析代表站灯笼山站年平均水位与流量、海平面、潮差等8个因素的关系,年平均水位与影响因素之间的灰关联度均大于0.7,说明各因子对年平均水位均产生显著影响,其中海平面变化与年平均水位的灰关联度为0.736,说明海平面变化是年平均水位的重要影响因素。选取灰关联度较大的（马＋三）流量、闸坡站海平面、灯笼山站的年最高水位、年最低水位、年平均低潮、年平均潮差这6个指标进行主成分分析。结果表明：第一主成分为径流潮汐作用,第二主成分的代表因素为海平面上升,第三主成分的代表因素为年最高水位;其中海平面上升为代表的第二主成分对年平均水位的贡献率为20.1%。因此,海平面上升对灯笼山站年平均水位的影响虽然弱于径流潮汐作用,但其影响也是显著的。     

Current Practices and Future Opportunities for Policy on Climate Change and Invasive Species

Abstract:  Climate change and invasive species are often treated as important, but independent, issues. Nevertheless, they have strong connections: changes in climate and societal responses to climate change may exacerbate the impacts of invasive species, whereas invasive species may affect the magnitude, rate, and impact of climate change. We argue that the design and implementation of climate-change policy in the United States should specifically consider the implications for invasive species; conversely, invasive-species policy should address consequences for climate change. The development of such policies should be based on (1) characterization of interactions between invasive species and climate change, (2) identification of areas where climate-change policies could negatively affect invasive-species management, and (3) identification of areas where policies could benefit from synergies between climate change and invasive-species management.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric mercury species over the Adriatic Sea

Field measurements of atmospheric mercury and related species were carried out during an intensive cruise campaign performed over the Adriatic sea from October 26th to November 12th, 2004 on board the R/V Urania. Hg⁰ ranged between 0.8 and 3.3 ng/m³ with an average of 1.6 ± 0.4 ng/m³ over the entire period. Hg(II) concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 62.8 pg/m³ with an average of 6.7 ± 11.7 pg/m³ whereas Hg-p levels were in a range of 0.04 and 51 pg/m³ with an average of 4.5 ± 8 pg/m³. Higher Hg⁰ and Hg-p concentrations were observed in the Gulf of Venice and Gulf of Trieste due primarily to air masses transported from the mainland reflecting the contribution from anthropogenic sources. In contrast, higher Hg(II) concentrations observed during the first period of the cruise campaign were likely due to the occurrence of photo-oxidants production which are the main players of the gas phase oxidation of to Hg(II)_(g). These findings have been confirmed by the backward trajectories analysis of air masses crossing the studied area during selected days.     

Sea to air transport of trace gases in the coastal zone: a literature review

Exchange of trace gases between the oceans and the atmosphere affects the atmospheric content and cycling of a range of chemical species which are related to climate change, ozone layer depletion, acid deposition, eutrophication, atmospheric particle formation, photo-oxidants, trace metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The effects and impacts of air–sea exchange of these gases can be local, regional and global. Until now, most of the research has concentrated on the sea–air exchange of trace gases in the open ocean. The flux rates of the trace gases from the coastal waters to the air are much higher than the rates for the open ocean and the contribution of the coastal areas to the total oceanic emissions of these trace gases can be significant on a global scale. This contribution can be as high as 50% and more for nitrous oxide and COS. Concerning the contribution of the trace gas production in the coastal areas to the total global production of these gases, it can be concluded that this contribution seems to be below 2% except for nitrous oxide. However, it should be pointed out that on the local and even regional scale the emissions in the coastal areas can be very important, contributing substantially to the total emission of these gases in a studied area. Thus, there is a need to carry out studies in the future with the aim to provide more accurate understanding of the production and sea–air exchange processes for these gases around the world. Electronic Publication     

海平面上升对长江三角洲地区的影响评价研究

气候变暖导致的全球性海平面加速上升严重威胁着沿海国家和地区的持续发展。作为世界五大三角洲之一的长江三角洲及其邻近地区，其地势低平，人口稠密，经济发达，因而所受海平观上升的威胁更加严重。根据ＩＰＣＣ拟定的方案，对于未来海平面另速上升所造成的沿海地区脆弱性影响评价，取海平面上升３０、６５和１００ｃｍ三种情况进行研究，本地区内岸段是我国海岸侵蚀最为严重的岸段。长江口的潮水上溯使盐水入侵、造成水质恶化，海     

水岩化学作用对斜坡水文地质及滑坡的影响

在温湿气候区，水岩化学作用对岩质斜坡的水文地质演化及失稳一夷平进程具有重要的控制作用。从地表到新鲜岩体，随着水岩化学作用程度的逐渐减弱，斜坡剖面可依次划分为土层、腐岩带和风化岩带，各带之间多是渐变过渡的。土层多由枯枝落叶层和土壤层组成，有时底部含有残坡积物；腐岩是由岩浆岩、沉积岩或变质岩经等容风化形成的风化软岩；风化岩带是腐岩带的前身，其特征是含有较高数量的核心石。斜坡垂向分带主要是地下水引起的，而这种分带反过来又会强烈影响地下水自身的埋藏与分布。土层可贮存上层滞水，风化岩带则可赋存潜水或承压水。上层滞水是浅层滑坡的主要控制因素。由于形成条件宽松，但规模不大，上层滞水控制的滑坡灾害多具群发性特点，同时，由于其含水介质为松散土体，失稳含水层很容易转化为泥石流。降雨期间，风化岩带内潜水水位上升甚至承压，导致岩体抗剪强度降低并诱发深层滑坡。     

Why Critical Loads of Acidity and N for Soils Should be Based on Pollutant Effective Concentrations Rather Than Deposition Fluxes

Numerous assumptions have been made over the past 17 years when calculating critical loads for soils, both for acidity (based upon base cation steady state mass balances (SMB)) and for N (eutrophication, based upon N mass balances), often without all the assumptions being explicitly stated. The tacit assumptions that the author believes to be implicit in the SMB approach are critically reviewed, with particular reference to upland regions where slope processes are highly significant. It is concluded that many of them cannot be justified, especially those that involve ignoring many key processes known to be important to biogeochemical cycling and soil evolution in upland catchments. The evidence presented suggests that critical loads of acidity and of N for soils should be based upon effective pollutant and, for acidity, also effective base cation deposition concentrations, rather than upon pollutant deposition fluxes. This is because of the dominant role of cation exchange equilibria, rather than weathering rate, in regulation of the pH and base status of the more acidification-sensitive soils, and because of the importance of transport down slope of base cations, alkalinity and N species.     

泄洪洞引渠内侧边坡稳定性分析

本文采用定性分析和定量计算相结合的方法对锦屏一级水电站右岸泄洪洞引渠内侧边坡稳定性进行分析,定性分析方法主要通过赤平投影作图初步分析引渠内侧边坡可能出现的组合滑面破坏模式,定性判断边坡局部、浅表层的稳定性,定量分析方法是在定性分析的基础上,通过刚性极限平衡法进一步分析引渠内侧边坡的整体变形破坏模式,并运用Slide软件计算地震状态下边坡的稳定系数,进而确定引渠内侧边坡的稳定性,结果表明定性和定量方法相结合是边坡稳定性分析的有效方法。     

2006年夏季浙江海域赤潮生物群落分布

研究了2006年夏季浙江海域(120°～128°E,26°～30°N)91个站位赤潮生物物种组成及群落分布,共检出赤潮生物4门30属69种,其中角毛藻属和原多甲藻属种类数占优势.赤潮生物种类数及数量分布由近岸向外海递减且有随水深增加而减少的趋势,高值区为舟山群岛和南麂列岛海域.舟山群岛海域夏季赤潮生物优势种为旋链角毛藻,是新的引发赤潮的潜在藻种;南麂列岛海域夏季赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻,与往年调查结果相符.舟山群岛和南麂列岛海域仍然是浙江海域赤潮发生敏感区.     

围填海造成的海岸带生态系统服务损耗的货币化评估技术探讨

从围填海负面生态影响的货币化评估的必要性和重要性入手,基于国内外相关研究的分析,将海岸带生态系统服务划分为两大类,一类是提供物质性产品和条件的供给服务;另一类是提供其他非物质性的服务,包括调节、文化和支持服务,并对供给、调节、文化和支持四类服务各自包含的具体子服务加以识别.在此基础上,针对海岸带生态系统提供的各类服务自身的特点,运用直接市场法、替代市场法、调查评价法和成果参照法,提出了围填海造成的海岸带生态系统服务损害的货币化评估技术选择的基本框架,并构建了四类服务(子服务)损耗货币化的相应评估模型.