Validation of an agricultural non-point source （AGNPS） pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed, China

This study tested and evaluated the agricultural non-point source(AGNPS)model for the Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in the Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province. China. The AGNPS model was calibrated and validated for the study area with observed data onten storms. Thedata on eight stormsin 2002 were used for calibration while data on two stormswere used for validation of the model. Considering the lack of water quality data over a long-term series, a novel method, comparing an internal nested catchment with its surrounding catchment, was used to supplement the less long-term series data. Dual calibration and validation of the AGNPS model was obtained by this comparison. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients were 0. 99 and 0. 98 for runoff, 0. 94 and 0. 95 forthe peak runoff rate of the large catchment and the small catchment, respectively, and 0. 76 forthe sediment of the small catchment only. Each pair of correlation coefficients is homogeneous for the same event for the two catchments. With the exception of the sediment yield and particulate phosphorus, the peak nmofr rate and other nutrients were well predicted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Soil Conservation Service curve number and rainfall quantity were the most sensitive parameters, which resulted in high output variations. Erosivitv and other parameters had little influence on the hydrological and quality outputs.     

Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in Barcelona City metropolitan area and Catalan rural areas

Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dra¨ger samplers were used for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) adsorption. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide and analysed using ...     

Improved speciation of dissolved organic nitrogen in natural waters: amide hydrolysis with fluorescence derivatization

The objective of this study was to improve primary-amine nitrogen (1°-N) quantification in dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from natural waters where inorganic forms of N, which may cause analytical interference, are commonly encountered. Efforts were targeted at elucidating organic-N structural criteria influencing the response of organic amines to known colorimetric and fluorescent reagents and exploring the use of divalent metal-assisted amide hydrolysis in combination with fluorescence analyse...     

山东省滨海旅游度假区水体环境典型全氟化合物污染特征及潜在生态风险

近年来,滨海旅游度假区蓬勃发展,其水体环境质量对人体健康有直接影响;全氟化合物(perfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)在各环境介质中普遍被检出,因其潜在的毒性而引起广泛关注.以山东省20个滨海旅游度假区水和沉积物为对象,对其中12种典型PFASs的污染特征及其潜在生态风险进行了系统研究.结果表明,在20个度假区所有水体和绝大多数沉积物样品中12种PFASs都被检出;水和沉积物中PFASs的平均含量分别为67.91 ng·L^-1和5.89 ng·g^-1,全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctanesulfonic acid,PFOS)都是含量占绝对优势的物质;不同度假区水和沉积物中PFASs总含量(ΣPFASs)及各同系物的含量具有明显差异;在不同度假区水/沉积物体系12种PFASs的分配系数差异明显,长链PFASs(碳原子数≥7)具有更大的分配系数;城市工业废水和生活污水的排放是度假区水和沉积物PFASs的主要来源,水体盐度和沉积物有机质含量不是PF...     

城市污水厂污泥内循环自热高温微好氧消化的处理

利用一种新型的内循环自热式污泥高温微好氧消化装置对城市污泥进行消化处理。通过在反应器中增加内筒的方法,使得内筒中污泥通过搅拌器的提升作用在内外筒之间循环以提高消化速率。结果表明,增加内筒之后,消化系统的污泥VS去除率在第16天达到了41.52%,而未添加内筒的反应器污泥到第20天时仍未到达稳定化水平。因此,加了内筒的单段式ATAD消化反应器与不加内筒的单段式ATAD消化反应器相比可以使得污泥更快地达到稳定状态。另外,与没有内筒相比,增加内筒后反应器顶部和底部的ORP和pH值均维持较高水平,消除了曝气死角。增加内筒后,顶部和底部污泥上清液中SCOD、VFA、TN、NH4+-N和TP浓度基本保持一致,而没有内筒则相差较大,表明增加内筒后,反应器内污泥混合更加均匀。     

低温等离子体活化胶粉改性沥青的性能

通过低温等离子体对橡胶粉进行表面活化处理,在高速剪切机作用下,采用湿法制备橡胶粉改性沥青,研究不同掺量下未活化和活化橡胶粉制备的改性沥青的性能变化。结果表明,低温等离子体活化可以促进胶粉与基质沥青的共混,活化后的橡胶粉制备的改性沥青高温性能、低温性能和温度敏感性均有不同程度的增强;胶粉掺量15%~20%时改性效果最好。     

微生物絮凝剂M-C11处理高岭土悬浊液的响应曲面优化

采用响应曲面法对微生物絮凝剂M-C11处理高岭土悬浊液的过程参数进行优化,选取中心复合实验设计(CCD),以pH、M-C11投加量和CaCl2投加量等因素为自变量,以处理后的高岭土悬浊液絮凝率(Fr)为响应值,并借助扫描电镜对絮凝剂的作用机理进行初步探讨。结果表明,微生物絮凝剂M-C11可显著改善高岭土悬浊液的絮凝性能,且选取的3种单因素水平均可影响絮凝剂活性。经多元回归拟合分析,在M-C11投加量为2.56 mL,CaCl2 投加量为0.37 g/L的最优条件下,微生物絮凝活性实验值可达92.37%,接近模型预测值(92.30%)。CaCl2 投加量对絮凝效果的影响高于M-C11投加量(PCaCl2PM-C11)。Ca2+可中和高岭土颗粒表面负电荷,絮凝剂分子为悬浮颗粒提供吸附结合位点,促进絮体凝聚沉淀,M-C11絮凝机理是电中和、吸附架桥和网捕等联合作用的结果。     

中型污水处理厂中药物和个人护理品的分布与去除

为了解15种药物及个人护理用品(PPCPs)在中小型污水处理厂中的分布及其去除效果,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术对3座A2/O工艺的污水处理厂水样进行分析研究。结果显示,除普萘洛尔、吉非罗平和吲哚美辛在3座中小型污水处理厂各个工艺单元中均未被检出外,其余12种目标化合物的检出频率在90%~100%之间。进水水样中PPCPs的平均检出浓度为2 285.4 ng/L,其中咖啡因(CF)的平均检出浓度最高为973.3 ng/L,酮洛芬(KP)的平均检出浓度次之为844.7 ng/L,两者之和占进水水样中PPCPs平均含量的79.5%,表明污水处理厂的主要污染物为CF和KP。3座污水处理厂对CF的去除效果最为显著,平均去除率为95.3%,对15种PPCPs总去除效率在39.3%~82.8%之间。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测地表水中13种药物及个人护理品

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测,建立了地表水中13种药物及个人护理品的测定方法。水样用盐酸与氢氧化钠溶液调pH值至7.0左右,过固相萃取小柱进行富集,用14 mL甲醇洗脱。以C18柱为分离柱,0.01%甲酸的甲醇-0.01%甲酸水溶液为流动相,目标物在10 min内分离,在0.50~250 μg/L范围内,13种化合物峰面积与内标物质峰面积之比与质量浓度的线性关系良好(>0.99),检出限在0.05~0.5 ng/L范围内。基质加标实验结果表明,13种化合物在水中的回收率分别在56.2%~123.2%之间(加标水平5 ng/mL)和58.0%~107.8%(加标水平50 ng/mL),相对标准偏差在1.60%~19.9%(n=6)之间。应用该方法测定了从2条纳污河流采集的10份水样,结果表明,除美托诺尔和普洛萘尔未被检出外,其余11药物的检出频率在30%~100%之间。在13种目标物质中,咖啡因的检测浓度最高达287.5 ng/L,舒必利次之,为277.5 ng/L。本方法快速、准确,适用于地表水中PPCPs类的快速测定。     

活性炭涂层电极电容去离子的性能

采用活性炭涂层电极构建电容去离子吸附装置,以氯化钠模拟含盐原水,研究电压、流量、进水浓度等操作参数对活性炭涂层电极脱盐效率和能耗的影响。实验结果表明,去除率和比吸附量随着电压的增大而增加,且比能耗随之增大。流速越小,出水的浓度越低,当对出水的浓度要求较高时,宜采用小流速。当进水浓度低于活性炭涂层电极的饱和吸附量时,比吸附量随着进水浓度呈线性增加;当达到饱和吸附量时,比吸附量不会随进水浓度的增大而发生改变;比能耗随着进水浓度的增加而降低。