长酸洗槽吹吸式酸雾捕集优化设计

吹吸式酸雾捕集经常用于蓄电池和较短的酸洗槽的酸雾捕集方面。在长酸洗槽(一般长度>10m)上运用吹吸式捕集酸雾。在此对目前常用酸洗槽设计方法进行了分析比较,并对一长酸洗槽(长14m)做了设计实例,经过实践检验,证明设计采用方法是恰当的,各设计参数是合理正确的。     

Numerical study of the effects of local atmospheric circulations on a pollution event over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China

Currently, the Chinese central government is considering plans to build a trilateral economic sphere in the Bohai Bay area, including Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei(BTH), where haze pollution frequently occurs. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to understand the physical mechanism of the haze pollution there. Therefore, the pollutant transport mechanisms of a haze event over the BTH region from 23 to 24 September 2011 were studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting model and the FLEXible-PARTicle dispersion model to understand the effects of the local atmospheric circulations and atmospheric boundary layer structure. Results suggested that the penetration by sea-breeze could strengthen the vertical dispersion by lifting up the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) and carry the local pollutants to the downstream areas; in the early night, two elevated pollution layers(EPLs) may be generated over the mountain areas: the pollutants in the upper EPL at the altitude of 2–2.5 km were favored to disperse by long-range transport, while the lower EPL at the altitude of 1 km may serve as a reservoir, and the pollutants there could be transported downward and contribute to the surface air pollution.The intensity of the sea–land and mountain–valley breeze circulations played an important role in the vertical transport and distribution of pollutants. It was also found that the diurnal evolution of the PBLH is important for the vertical dispersion of the pollutants,which is strongly affected by the local atmospheric circulations and the distribution of urban areas.     

Thermal internal boundary layer and its effects on air pollutants during summer in a coastal city in North China

The thermal internal boundary layer(TIBL) is associated with coastal pollution dispersion,which can result in high concentrations of air pollutants near the surface of the Earth. In this study, boundary layer height data which were obtained using a ceilometer were used to assess the effect of the TIBL on atmospheric pollutants in Qinhuangdao, a coastal city in North China.A TIBL formed on 33% of summer days. When a TIBL formed, the sunshine duration was 2.4 hr longer, the wind speed was higher, the wind direction reflected a typical sea breeze, and the boundary layer height was lower from 9:00 LT to 20:00 LT compared to days without a TIBL. If no TIBL formed, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) decreased with increasing boundary layer height. However, when a TIBL was observed, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) increased with increasing boundary layer height. Because the air from the sea is clean, PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations reached minimums in the daytime at 16:00 LT. After16:00 LT, the PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations increased rapidly on days when a TIBL formed,which indicated that the TIBL leads to the rapid accumulation of atmospheric pollutants in the evening. Therefore, the maximum concentrations of particulate matters were larger when a TIBL formed compared to when no TIBL was present during the night. These results indicate that it is suitable for outdoor activities in the daytime on days with a TIBL in coastal cities.     

乐山市2016年冬季颗粒物重污染过程与输送路径及潜在源区

对乐山市2016年12月—2017年2月的大气污染特征及气象条件进行研究分析,并结合HYSPLIT（后向轨迹模式）,用聚类方法、PSCF（潜在源贡献因子法）、CWT（浓度权重轨迹分析法）分别模拟了研究期间PM_2.5的主要潜在源区.结果表明:研究期间,乐山市以PM_2.5污染为主.因风速低、无降水、相对湿度高、边界层高度降低等原因,使乐山市发生了一次持续时间较长的重污染过程（2017年1月1—7日）,该过程二次污染物累积特征较为明显;春节期间,因烟花爆竹集中燃放产生的大量污染物使乐山市出现了一次严重污染（2017年1月28日）,ρ（PM_2.5）日均值达358 μg/m3.乐山市复杂的地形引起的热力差异有利于局地环流的生成与发展,山谷风的存在可能是造成夜间乐山市郊区站点ρ（PM_2.5）高于城区站点的主要原因.结合后向轨迹与ρ（PM_2.5）日均值分析发现,来自盆地内部的气流（占比为28.57%）对乐山市空气质量产生的影响最大.乐山市东部边界附近、宜宾市西北部、自贡市南部等地对乐山市PM_2.5的潜在源贡献（WPSCF）在0.96以上,说明这些地区是研究期间影响乐山市ρ（PM_2.5）的重要潜在源区,模型的模拟结果与风向、风速、ρ（PM_2.5）监测值插值结果相符.研究显示,乐山市大气污染过程除了与在不利气象条件下污染物的累积有关外,区域污染物的输送贡献也不容忽视.      

秦皇岛地区海陆风特征及其影响

利用本地风的观测资料,分析、总结了秦皇岛地区风的特点。结果表明,秦皇岛因受海陆地形的影响,风的变化具有海陆风的特征,在空间分布上,海陆风只影响到昌黎、抚宁和市区,达不到卢龙、青龙,在时间分布上,海风以昌黎(10点)出现最早,抚宁(12点)次之,市区(14点)最晚,陆风同样以昌黎(20点)出现最早,抚宁(23点)次之,市区(次日2点)最晚。同时,海陆风对秦皇岛地区气温的影响尤为明显,受海风影响,秦皇岛市的夏季不十分炎热,日最高气温比同纬度的内陆地区低很多,成为著名的避暑胜地。另外,由于夏季受海风影响较大,海风登陆带来充沛的水汽,导致7月是秦皇岛地区大雾天气全年最多的月份。     

海陆风对天津市PM2.5和O3质量浓度的影响

静稳天气下局地环流往往会对污染物的传输扩散起重要作用.根据天津市地处渤海西岸,常年受到海陆风影响的特点,综合气象、环境资料及HYSPLIT模型,针对沿海、市区、城郊、山区等代表性站点,研究了海陆风对天津市ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（O₃）的影响.结果表明:①2015年天津市海陆风天数为78 d,占全年的22%;海陆风多集中于6-9月,其中,7月海陆风日最多、2月最少.②ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（O₃）季节性变化和空间分布特征不同.春、夏两季ρ（PM_2.5）山区最高、城郊最低;秋、冬两季ρ（PM_2.5）市区最高、山区最低.春、秋两季ρ（O₃）沿海最高、市区最低;夏季ρ（O₃）山区最高、沿海最低.③海陆风对ρ（PM_2.5）有扩散作用,对ρ（O₃）有增加作用.海陆风对沿海ρ（PM_2.5）扩散作用最为明显,致使冬、秋两季ρ（PM_2.5）分别下降20.2%和7.9%;对城郊ρ（O₃）增加作用最为明显,致使秋、夏两季ρ（O₃）分别升高39.8%和16.2%.④个例研究表明,海风向内陆推进过程中垂直方向最高可达1 000 m,受海风影响天津市ρ（PM_2.5）下降,陆风使得ρ（PM_2.5）小幅上升,海陆风总体起扩散作用;海陆风使天津市ρ（O₃）日变化出现3个峰值,日均值明显增大,其中,城郊增幅（68.2%）最大.研究显示,海陆风对天津市ρ（PM_2.5）有扩散的作用,但会增高ρ（O₃）.      

国土空间规划视角下海陆统筹的挑战与路径

通过梳理国内外海陆统筹实践进程和政策演变,界定海陆统筹的基本概念与内涵,在国土空间规划背景下,探讨海陆统筹的关键问题和挑战,并进一步提出海陆统筹的优化路径。研究表明：（1）海陆统筹是一种“流”空间理论思维下面向全域全要素的开发保护战略,通过统一筹划海陆两大系统的资源要素配置、产业联动、生境共治、空间互联和制度互嵌,促进沿海地区协同高效发展,提升生产、生活和生态空间品质。（2）国土空间规划视角下海陆统筹面临的主要问题与挑战包括：海陆空间边界不明晰、海陆经济系统不协调、海陆资源开发与生境保护不统一和海陆空间规划体系不兼容。（3）针对现状问题与挑战,基于空间、经济、生态和管治四个维度,构建全域全要素、分级、分功能的统筹优化路径,以期为沿海地区的海陆协调发展提供借鉴。