地震灾害搜救技术现状与发展趋势

综合介绍了地震灾害现场常用搜救技术及设备,并深入剖析了它们各自的利弊,以求根据不同现场的具体要求使用最优搜救技术和设备,达到最好搜救效果。此外,对低频电磁探生技术、超声波探测技术、超宽带电磁探测技术、基于气体测量的搜索定位技术等先进技术在地震灾害搜救中的应用做了较广泛的探讨,进一步明确了该研究领域的发展方向。     

Predicting non-carcinogenic hazard quotients of heavy metals in pepper (Capsicum annum L.) utilizing electromagnetic waves

• There was significant absorption of heavy metals by the pepper in contaminated soils. • The target hazard quotient (THQ) indices followed the order of Pb>Zn>>Cd » Ni. • Relationships exist between contaminated plants and electromagnetic wave. • PCA and random search can select the main spectra and predict THQ for each element. Given the tendency of heavy metals to accumulate in soil and plants, the purpose of this study was to determine the contamination levels of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn on peppers (leaves and fruit) grown in contaminated soils in industrial centers. For this purpose, we measured the uptake of the four heavy metals by peppers grown in the heavy metal contaminated soils throughout the four growth stages: two-leaf, growth, flowering, and fruiting, and calculated various vegetation indices to evaluate the heavy metal contamination potentials. Electromagnetic waves were also applied for analyzing the responses of the target plants to various heavy metals. Based on the relevant spectral bands identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and random search methods, a regression method was then employed to determine the most optimal spectral bands for estimating the target hazard quotient (THQ). The THQ was found to be the highest in the plants contaminated by Pb (THQ= 62) and Zn (THQ= 5.07). The results of PCA and random search indicated that the spectra at the bands of b₅₇₀, b₆₅₀, and b₇₆₀ for Pb, b₄₀₀ and b₁₀₃₀ for Ni, b₄₀₀ and b₈₈₀ for Cd, and b₅₆₀, b₉₁₀, and b₁₀₅₀ for Zn were the most optimal spectra for assessing THQ. Therefore, in future studies, instead of examining the amount of heavy metals in plants by chemical analysis in the laboratory, the responses of the plants to the electromagnetic waves in the identified bands can be readily investigated in the field based on the established correlations.     

Application of SWAT with and without Variable Source Area Hydrology to a Large Watershed

In this study, two different versions of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model were used to simulate the hydrology and biogeochemical response of the Cannonsville Reservoir watershed, in New York. The first version distributes overland flow in ways that are consistent with variable source area (VSA) hydrology driven by saturation excess runoff, whereas the second version is the standard version of SWAT. These two models were each calibrated for streamflow (Flow), particulate phosphorus (PP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), and sediment (Sed) against measured data from the 1,200 km² Cannonsville watershed. The standard version of the model yielded an r² between the measured and simulated data of 0.85, 0.73, 0.70, and 0.72 for Flow, Sed, TDP, and PP, respectively. The VSA version yielded an r² of 0.84, 0.69, 0.72, and 0.53 for Flow, Sed, TDP, and PP, respectively. The two models were then used to determine the maximum upper bound on the reduction in phosphorus loading by removing all of the corn in the watershed. The average reductions between the two models were 65 and 37% for PP and TDP, respectively. The VSA version was also used to estimate the effect of moving corn land in the watershed from the wettest, most runoff prone areas to the driest, least runoff prone areas, which cannot be done directly with the standard SWAT model.     

A conceptual framework of agricultural land use planning with BMP for integrated watershed management

Land use planning is an important element of the integrated watershed management approach. It not only influences the environmental processes such as soil and stream bed erosion, sediment and nutrient concentrations in streams, quality of surface and ground waters in a watershed, but also affects social and economic development in that region. Although its importance in achieving sustainable development has long been recognized, a land use planning methodology based on a systems approach involving realistic computational modeling and meta-heuristic optimization is still lacking in the current practice of integrated watershed management. The present study proposes a new approach which attempts to combine computational modeling of upland watershed processes, fluvial processes and modern heuristic optimization techniques to address the water-land use interrelationship in its full complexity. The best land use allocation is decided by a multi-objective function that minimizes sediment yields and nutrient concentrations as well as the total operation/implementation cost, while the water quality and the production benefits from agricultural exploitation are maximized. The proposed optimization strategy considers also the preferences of land owners. The runoff model AnnAGNPS (developed by USDA), and the channel network model CCHE1D (developed by NCCHE), are linked together to simulate sediment/pollutant transport process at watershed scale based on any assigned land use combination. The greedy randomized adaptive Tabu search heuristic is used to flip the land use options for finding an optimum combination of land use allocations. The approach is demonstrated by applying it to a demonstrative case study involving USDA Goodwin Creek experimental watershed located in northern Mississippi. The results show the improvement of the tradeoff between benefits and costs for the watershed, after implementing the proposed optimal land use planning.     

GSK-XGBoost模型在井底风温预测中的应用*

为防治矿井热害,针对矿井井底风温在预测过程中精度较低的问题,提出1种网格搜索法结合K折交叉验证优化XGBoost的预测模型。通过分析确定影响井底风温的主要因素,使用网格搜索算法结合K折交叉验证,进行迭代缩小搜索范围并调参,选取最优参数配置,实现对XGBoost模型的优化,得到预测结果并与其他模型进行比较。研究结果表明:初始参数经优化后,当最大回归树深度为3且学习速率为0.1时,XGBoost回归模型性能最佳,与随机森林模型、BP神经网络模型、T-S模糊神经网络模型相比,平均相对误差分别降低了2.12%,0.88%,0.3%,均方根误差分别降低了0.66,0.24,0.11 ℃。     

基于贝叶斯网络拓扑结构的水环境风险溯源——以饮马河流域为例

为了解决流域水环境风险诊断过程中污染来源不清、污染贡献难以量化等问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯网络拓扑结构的污染源追责量化方法.该方法首先通过互信息的计算实现流域水环境典型污染物的准确识别,在此基础上通过贝叶斯网络拓扑结构分析与启发式搜索算法快速辨析流域内典型污染来源及其污染贡献.本次选取吉林省饮马河流域2017~2020年水质监测数据进行分析.结果表明,氨氮为流域内的典型污染物;靠山南楼、靠山大桥、刘珍屯3个站点的污染来源分别为:杨家崴子、新立城大坝、砖瓦窑桥.其中靠山南楼有63%的污染来源于杨家崴子,靠山大桥有30%的污染来源于新立城大坝,刘珍屯有75%的污染来源于砖瓦窑桥.本次评估方法的构建可为流域水环境风险溯源及污染责任认定提供技术支撑.     

基于SSA-BP与SSA的地下水污染源反演识别

应用基于SSA-BP神经网络替代模型的模拟-优化方法和SSA研究了地下水污染源位置及释放历史的反演识别问题。并在建立地下水水流模型时,应用Cholesky分解方法建立含水层渗透系数连续场,该方法相比于普通的参数分区方法更好地描述了水文地质参数的非均质性。结果表明:SSA-BP神经网络替代模型对模拟模型具有较高的逼近精度,其平均相对误差仅有3.21%。应用SSA求解优化模型,能够快速准确地识别出点污染源的位置及释放历史。SSA对污染源位置的反演识别相对误差在10%左右,对污染源源强的反演识别相对误差不超过4%。因此,本文所提出的方法是一种有效的地下水污染源识别方法,可为污染责任认定及污染修复方案的优化提供参考。     

国家陆地搜救基地训练设施设计原则及构成分析

＂科学施救＂是公安消防部队进行应急救援任务的核心理念,而专业化、模拟化训练则是实现＂科学施救＂的必要手段。如何构建高仿真、动态化的模拟训练设施,进一步提高公安消防部队应急救援水平,已成为公安消防部队面临的一个重要课题。文章对部分发达国家应急救援训练设施建设情况进行了分析,从实战救援的角度,提出了国家陆地搜寻与救护基地模拟训练设施的设计原则,并结合实战需要,给出了模拟训练设施的基本构成和功能介绍,供各地在规划和建设模拟训练设施时参考、借鉴。     

微生物絮凝剂的制备及在实验室废水处理中的应用研究

介绍了微生物絮凝剂的富集培养、分离和筛选的方法及过程。并用试验所制备的微生物絮凝剂对啤酒工艺实训室废水进行了处理研究。研究发现,微生物絮凝剂对啤酒工艺实训室废水具有较好的去除效果。     

如何在Internet上进行环境信息检索

在分析归类网上检索工具的基础上，介绍了如何从Internet网络上检索环境信息资料，并给出了一些有用的网址。