Variation in photosynthetic photon flux density within a tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-western China

Introduction Photosyntheticphotonfluxdensity(PPFD)withinforestcanopiesisintrinsicallyheterogeneousinspaceandtime.Becausesomespeciesaregenotypicallysuitedforspecificlightregimes,understandingtheheterogeneityofthelightregimewithinaforestcanopyisimportantfor…     

淀山湖沉积物中重金属元素分布特征及其季节变化

分别于夏冬两季采集淀山湖表层柱状沉积物样品,分析了沉积物样品中Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、Fe和Mn的总量分布特征,用Tess-ier连续提取法,系统地对沉积物中重金属元素的形态分布进行了研究,并初步探讨了重金属元素分布特征的季节变化的原因。结果表明:沉积物中Pb的总量存在季节变化;沉积物中Cd、Cu、Cr和Fe主要存在于残渣态中,但Pb的铁锰氧化物结合态与Cu的有机质-硫化物结合态均为各自的优势结合态;Mn主要以可交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态及残渣态存在;Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、Fe和Mn各形态含量均存在季节变化,其总量及各形态含量的变化与温度、pH、Eh等有关。     

新型膜-生物反应器在不同通量下的膜污染特性研究

选择适当的膜通量是膜-生物反应器控制膜污染的有效手段之一.本文根据膜通量与临界通量的关系选取了5个不同的膜通量,考察在这些通量条件下新型膜-生物反应器膜污染发展特性的变化.试验结果表明,膜通量的变化会影响膜污染的发展特性.当膜通量小于临界通量区时,膜污染发展具有"2阶段"趋势,并且膜通量越小"第1阶段"和"第2阶段"的膜污染发展速率对比越显著.当膜通量在临界通量区通量内时,首先出现短暂的膜污染快速增长期,随后膜污染发展仍呈现"2阶段"现象.当膜通量大于临界通量区通量时,膜操作压力(TMP)从开始运行即迅速上涨直至试验结束.     

Implementation of a windblown dust parameterization into MODELS-3/CMAQ: Application to episodic PM events in the US/Mexico border

Windblown dust is known to impede visibility, deteriorate air quality and modify the radiation budget. Arid and semiarid areas with unpaved and unvegetated land cover are particularly prone to windblown dust, which is often attributed to high particulate matter (PM) pollution in such areas. Yet, windblown dust is poorly represented in existing regulatory air quality models. In a study by the authors on modeling episodic high PM events along the US/Mexico border using the state-of-the-art CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE air quality modeling system [Choi, Y.-J., Hyde, P., Fernando, H.J.S., 2006. Modeling of episodic particulate matter events using a 3D air quality model with fine grid: applications to a pair of cities in the US/Mexico border. Atmospheric Environment 40, 5181–5201], some of the observed PM₁₀ NAAQS exceedances were inferred as due to windblown dust, but the modeling system was incapable of dealing with time-dependent episodic dust entrainment during high wind periods. In this paper, a time-dependent entrainment parameterization for windblown dust is implemented in the CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE modeling system with the hope of improving PM predictions. An approach for realizing windblown dust emission flux for each grid cell over the study domain on an hourly basis, which accounts for the influence of factors such as soil moisture content, atmospheric stability and wind speed, is presented in detail. Comparison of model predictions with observational data taken at a pair of US/Mexico border towns shows a clear improvement of model performance upon implementation of the dust emission flux parameterization.     

Sensitivity analysis of a parameterization of the stomatal component of the DO3SE model for Quercus ilex to estimate ozone fluxes

A sensitivity analysis of a proposed parameterization of the stomatal conductance (g(s)) module of the European ozone deposition model (DO(3)SE) for Quercus ilex was performed. The performance of the model was tested against measured g(s) in the field at three sites in Spain. The best fit of the model was found for those sites, or during those periods, facing no or mild stress conditions, but a worse performance was found under severe drought or temperature stress, mostly occurring at continental sites. The best performance was obtained when both f(phen) and f(SWP) were included. A local parameterization accounting for the lower temperatures recorded in winter and the higher water shortage at the continental sites resulted in a better performance of the model. The overall results indicate that two different parameterizations of the model are needed, one for marine-influenced sites and another one for continental sites.     

淮河流域旱涝易发区农田的陆气相互作用——CO_2通量、能量交换和水汽输送的季节变化特征

利用淮河流域旱涝易发区的安徽省寿县农田下垫面陆气相互作用观测试验资料,重点分析观测期内CO2通量、能量交换和水汽输送的季节变化,并讨论了与此有关的辐射分量通量、下垫面反射率、波恩比、能量闭合守恒、土壤温度和土壤湿度的季节变化。结果表明:CO2通量、能量分配受地表农作物长势影响明显,其中,水稻灌浆、成熟期,被稻田吸收的CO2通量最大可超过2 mg.m-2.s-1,潜热通量达到正的极大值。稻田光合作用最旺盛时期吸收的CO2通量和释放的潜热通量均大于小麦田光合作用最旺盛时期的对应量。较大土壤热通量对应于较低的土壤水含量。试验观测期的下垫面平均反射率为0.14。作物生长期,稻田表面潜热是下垫面吸收能量的主要消费者,小麦田表面潜热和感热相当。能量闭合率ε的变化范围为0.4~1。     

亚热带丘陵区人工湿地底栖动物群落特征研究

以湖南长沙亚热带丘陵区为研究区域,以处理农村综合污水(含畜禽养殖废水、农村生活污水及农田排水)为主要目的,通过野外小区控制试验,设置梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)、绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum elatinoides)、梭鱼草+绿狐尾藻组合(Pontederia cordata +Myriophy...     

珠江三角洲典型生态系统有机含硫气体地气交换通量比较

选取珠江三角洲森林、稻田和城市草地和菜地为研究对象,运用静态箱法,测量土壤COS、DMS、CS2和DMDS通量,并分析了环境因子对含硫气体交换速率的影响。结果表明,稻田和菜地交换速率最大,城市草地次之,森林土壤交换速率最小。森林土壤吸收COS,释放DMS,有凋落物土壤气体交换速率高于无凋落物土壤,CS2和DMDS源与汇存在很大不确定性。森林COS通量受温度、土壤含水量、土壤肥力、土壤微生物和土壤呼吸的共同影响;有水稻稻田吸收COS,无水稻稻田释放COS,有水稻稻田DMS释放速率显著高于无水稻稻田。干旱稻田土壤吸收COS,水淹土壤释放COS,但DMS、CS2和DMDS释放速率两者间无显著影响;城市草地吸收COS释放DMS,CS2和DMDS存在不确定性,有草土壤COS和DMS交换速率高于无草土壤,割草前后气体释放速率无显著变化;菜地释放VOSCs,其中DMDS占75%。     

油菜地CO2、N2O排放及其影响因素

2005年11月至2006年5月采用静态箱法对成都平原典型水稻 - 油菜轮作区油菜地CO2、N2O排放通量进行原位测定.结果表明,CO2排放通量为121.4～1 585.8 mg·m-2·h-1,平均656.8 mg·m-2·h-1;N2O排放通量为18.0～521.0 μg·m-2·h-1,平均168.0 μg·m-2·h-1.在整个油菜生长期内,地下5 cm土壤温度与CO2、N2O排放通量之间呈指数函数关系.3种不同处理油菜地CO2、N2O排放通量均为常规处理＞无氮处理＞裸地处理.土壤温度、施氮和植物生长是影响油菜地CO2、N2O排放的主要因素.     

种稻土壤CH4排放规律的研究

通过盆栽试验研究了水稻生长期CH4排放的规律。结果表明,CH4排放存在明显的日变化,最大值出现在下午4点左右,最小值出现在凌晨4点左右。土壤温度的变化是导致CH4排放日变化的主要因素。水稻生长期CH4排放的季节变化受前茬季节作物种植及稻草还田时间的显著影响。前茬季节种植紫云英及休闲且水稻移栽前施用稻草处理在水稻生长初期即有大量CH4排放,且在水稻生长的前期、中期和后期分别出现3个CH4排放峰;前茬季节种植小麦和休闲且在前茬季节前施用稻草处理的,直至水稻生长的中期才有少量CH4排放。烤田期间CH4的排放峰值出现在土壤呈微于松软状态时;烤田至土壤干裂时,CH4排放通量降至零。