无实测资料河流环境容量核算中设计流量推求

水环境容量核算过程中,经常遇到小流域没有实测径流资料,或者有短期实测径流资料但又无法展延的情况,其设计流量只能通过间接途经来推求。文章以颖河流域为例,应用等值线图法、水文比拟法和径流系数法推算该流域的年径流量,相互验证和比较上述3种方法的推算结果,并将成果用于计算设计流量。结果表明,计算方法能满足水环境容量核算的精度要求。     

Safety parameters for oxygen-enriched flames

The utilization of low-quality gaseous fuel from biomass gasification and the abundance of oxygen-rich streams obtained as a by-product of nitrogen-air separation by membrane technology has incentivized the development of sustainable oxygen-enriched combustion technologies in the last decades. However, a dearth of experimental and numerical analysis addressing the reactivity and safety aspects of these mixtures at initial low temperatures can be observed in the current literature.In this work, the heat flux burner was adopted for the measurement of the laminar burning velocity of methane in oxygen enriched air at different equivalence ratios. Results were compared with numerical data obtained by means of detailed kinetic mechanisms developed at the University of Bologna and the Gas Research Institute (GriMech3.0). Simplified correlations for the estimation of the laminar burning velocity with respect to the oxygen content at any equivalence ratio were developed, tested and evaluated.An elemental reaction-based function was found appropriate for the estimation of the overall reactivity of the investigated mixtures. Besides, numerical analyses were performed to characterize the flame structures in terms of temperature and product distribution under several initial conditions. These results gave further insights into the reaction mechanisms of gaseous fuels in the case of oxygen-enriched air, highlighting potential bottlenecks for kinetic model refinements. Eventually, relevant safety parameters were estimated, in particular the flammability range of the fuel/oxidant mixture, in terms of lower and upper flammability limits.     

漏磁探伤设备在油田油管杆修复检测中的应用

介绍了漏磁探伤设备在孤东采油厂管、杆修复检测中的应用现状,针对探伤检测中存在的问题,提出了相应的对策,提高了探伤检测效果。     

低热通量条件下消防员防护服装热防护性能的测试

本文讨论了低热通量条件下消防员防护服装热防护性能的测试原理和测试步骤。通过测试。分析了低热通量条件下消防员防护服装热防护性能的各种影响因素。     

水/气界面间汞交换通量的研究进展展

本文综述了近年来国内外大量文献,对有关水体和大气中汞的存在形态、特性及水/气间汞交换通量的影响因素进行了总结,描述了目前国内外相关领域的研究现状,并对该领域下一步的研究方向进行了探讨.     

土壤湿度和浇水对紫色土土/气界面汞释放通量的影响

以重庆市的主要耕作土壤——紫色土为研究对象,用动力通量箱与RA-915＋汞分析仪联用技术,通过室内模拟实验研究土壤湿度和浇水对紫色土土/气界面汞交换通量的影响.结果表明,加入外源硝酸汞的土壤汞交换通量大于加入硝酸亚汞的土壤汞交换通量,对照土壤的汞释放通量最小.随着土壤含水量的增加,土/气界面汞交换通量有增加的趋势,在土...     

城市生态系统-大气间的碳通量研究进展

城市生态系统对全球碳收支具有显著的贡献,城市化进程促进城市向大气排放碳。随着观测手段和仪器的发展,涡动相关法已成为陆地生态系统碳通量观测的主要手段,并广泛应用于中心城市碳通量观测;城市CO2浓度和通量变化具有日、周、季节变化特征,不同城市之间CO2浓度和通量也有很大差异,其主要原因是由于城市生态系统的下垫面类型不均一,土壤、植被、路面、交通、人呼吸等对碳通量都有贡献,绿地（树木、草坪）对燃料燃烧、人呼吸等的碳排放起着一定的抵消作用;由于多种因素对碳通量起作用,在对城市通量数据进行分析时必须开展贡献区即碳足迹分析。本文综述了城市生态系统-大气间碳通量研究的历程;分析了城市生态系统碳通量的时空变化特征及其主要控制因子;探讨了复杂下垫面条件下城市生态系统-大气间碳通量研究的特点和难点,并提出了未来研究的重点。     

珠江三角洲四种森林类型土壤CO2通量特征研究

采用开路式土壤CO2通量测量系统Li-8100&Li-8150对珠江三角洲地区尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)人工林、乡土树种恢复林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林4种林型的土壤CO2通量进行了观测。结果表明:4种森林类型年均土壤CO2通量为尾叶桉人工林(3.35μmol.m-2.s-1)>针阔叶混交林(2.66μmol.m-2.s-1)>乡土树种恢复林(2.09μmol.m-2.s-1)>常绿阔叶林(1.86μmol.m-2.s-1);旱季土壤CO2通量明显小于雨季。前3种森林类型凋落物呼吸处理表明,旱季对照组土壤CO2通量均小于相应的去除凋落物组、雨季则相反,全年的对比结果显示,3种森林类型的凋落物呼吸贡献分别达到1.3%、7.1%和10.8%。土壤CO2通量与10 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关,且土壤CO2通量温度敏感指数表现为针阔叶混交林Q10最大(3.49),尾叶桉人工林Q10最小(1.95)。     

1999-2008年湖南省暴雨特征分析

分析了1999-2008年湖南省暴雨的时空特征,并从地形和低空气流、水汽条件等方面分析了该省暴雨时空分异的原因。分析结果表明:(1)春季和夏季暴雨总日数较多;春季,湖南东部的西北、中部和西南部暴雨日数较多,且东部比西部暴雨总日数多;夏季西北和东南暴雨日数较多;秋季,东部暴雨总日数比西部多;冬季,暴雨分布在岳阳-益阳、株洲北部-衡阳北部-永州北部-邵阳南部这两条西南-东部走向的带状区域。(2)春季,湖南北部和西部日暴雨降水较多;夏季,湖南山区日暴雨降水较多,日暴雨降水从东南至西北呈多-少-多的带状分布。秋季,在临湘-平江-长沙县、长沙市域、望城-湘潭-衡山-衡阳市域-祁东-祁阳、永州市、双牌-蓝山、临武、嘉禾这一带状区域暴雨日平均降水较多;冬季,株洲北部-衡阳北部-永州北部邵阳南部一带的平均日暴雨降水较多。(3)冷暖气流交汇、山地对暖湿气流阻挡以及山地有利于湖南平原地区暖气团维持是该省暴雨时空分布一个重要原因。(4)春季和夏季水汽条件相对秋季和冬季充足,导致春季、夏季暴雨比秋季和冬季暴雨要多。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in soils of an industrialized city in Turkey

Surface soil (0-5 cm) samples from 43 sampling sites covering the entire urban territory of Bursa, an industrialized city in Turkey, were collected in each season and analyzed for 83 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The mean concentration of total PCBs (Σ83 PCBs) among all sites over the four seasons was 2121.51 pg/g dry weight (dw), with a range of 207.61-5461.95 pg/g dw. Total PCB concentrations in the soil samples collected near an industrial region were the highest in all seasons. In general, PCB patterns were dominated by low-chlorinated homologue groups (≤ 5 Cl groups at a 79% level). The predominant homologue group found in Bursa city soils was the penta-CBs (29.1%) followed by the tetra-CBs (25.5%) and tri-CBs (17.6%). A total of seven dioxin-like PCB congeners (CB-77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, and 126) were found in every sampling location and their mean total concentration for all locations and seasons was 259.27 pg/g dw, with a range of 7.02-1581.13 pg/g dw. A significant relationship (r = 0.77, p < 0.01) was found between the concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs and the seasonal average sum of PCB concentrations. A correlation between light congeners (相似文献