WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DROUGHT FORECASTS IN SOUTH CAROLINA1

ABSTRACT: Despite potential benefits for resource planning, community water systems managers have not used seasonal climate forecasts extensively. Obstacles to forecast use include a lack of awareness of their existence, distrust of their accuracy, perceived irrelevance to management decisions, and competition from other technological innovations. In this paper, ways in which seasonal forecasts might be extended to address more directly some concerns of South Carolina community water systems managers are explored. From May 1998 through August 2002, this group experienced drought conditions that threatened water quality and supply and required restrictions on water consumption. Methods for incorporating long lead forecasts with joint probabilities of monthly temperature and precipitation to produce drought forecasts are demonstrated. When tailored to specific places, such forecasts show the likelihood of exceeding drought thresholds that would trigger water use restrictions. The methods illustrate how long lead forecasts can be extended and customized into secondary products that address issues of greater relevance to water resource managers.     

ASSESSING LAND USE IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY USING MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING1

ABSTRACT: A renewed emphasis on source water protection and watershed management has resulted from recent amendments and initiatives under the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Clean Water Act. Knowledge of the impact of land use choices on source water quality is critical for efforts to properly manage activities within a watershed. This study evaluated qualitative relationships between land use and source water quality and the quantitative impact of season and rainfall events on water quality parameters. High levels of specific conductance tended to be associated with dense residential development, while organic carbon was elevated at several forested sites. Turbidity was generally higher in more urbanized areas. Source tracking indicators were detected in samples where land use types would predict their presence. Coliform levels were statistically different at the 95 percent confidence levels for winter versus summer conditions and dry versus wet weather conditions. Other water quality parameters that varied with season were organic carbon, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and specific conductance. These results indicate that land use management can be effective for mitigating impacts to a water body; however, year‐ round, comprehensive data are necessary to thoroughly evaluate the water quality at a particular site.     

中国农业雹灾灾情及其季节分区

根据中国雹灾灾情数据库资料,中国雹灾受灾、成灾面积均呈下降趋势,但成灾率仍呈上升趋势。雹灾季节变化明显,春夏为全国降雹的主要时段,4～9月出现的冰雹次数约占全年总次数的92.3%。降雹与成灾在空间分布上有明显的差异,成灾中心集中在黄淮海平原及江南丘陵地区。本文基于县级雹灾季节类型图和农业综合区划图,采用"自上而下"和"自下而上"相结合的方法对雹灾进行了季节分区,将全国分为5个雹灾类型大区:夏季型(I)、春末夏初-夏季型(II)、春末夏初-双峰型(III)、春季型(IV)、夏季-双峰型(V),以及16个二级雹灾亚区,28个三级雹灾区。     

Sediment Flux to the Sea as Influenced by Changing Human Activities and Precipitation: Example of the Yellow River,China

Since the 1970s, the sediment flux of the Yellow River to the sea has shown a marked tendency to decrease, which is unfavorable for wetland protection and oil extraction in the Yellow River delta. Thus, an effort has been made to elucidate the relation between the sediment flux to the sea and the drainage basin factors including climate and human activities. The results show that the sediment flux to the sea responds to the changed precipitation in different ways for different runoff and sediment source areas in the drainage basin. If other factors are assumed to be constant, when the annual precipitation in the area between Longmen and Sanmenxia decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 27.5 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area between Hekouzhen and Longmen decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 14.3 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area above Lanzhou decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 17.4 million t/yr. A multiple regression equation has been established between the sediment flux to the sea and the influencing factors, such as the area of land terracing and tree and grass planting, the area of the land created by the sediment trapped by check dams, the annual precipitation, and the annual quantity of water diversion by man. The equation may be used to estimate the change in the sediment flux to the sea when the influencing variables are further changed, to provide useful knowledge for the environmental planning of the Yellow River drainage basin and its delta.     

Changes in quality of groundwater with seasonal fluctuations： an example from Ghor Sail area, southern Dead Sea coastal aquifers, Jordan

The demand for water resources in the area south of the Dead Sea due to continued development, especially at the Arab Potash Company （APC） for production and domestic purposes necessitates that water quality in the area be monitored and evaluated based on the local geology and hydrogeology. The objective of this paper is to monitor seasonal fluctuations of groundwater and to determine how fluctuation in the water levels will affect the groundwater quality. Groundwater levels were found to be influenced by rainfall and pumping of water from the wells for domestic and industrial use. Twenty water samples were collected from different wells and analyzed for major chemical constituents both in pre- and post-seasons to determine the quality variation. Chemical constituents are significantly increased after post-season recharge. According to the overall assessment of the area, water quality was found to be useful for drinking, irrigation and industry.     

Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong.Ⅱ.Environmental behavior of trace elements during the April 1995 to April 1996

An one-year of sampling aerosol program was carried out during the period of April 1995 to April 1996 at coastal region, Cape D‘Aguilar, in Hong Kong. The trace element composition of aerosol particles(TSP and PM10) were measured and analyzed by using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis(INAA) and Inductive Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) techniques. The results showed that the polluted elements such as: V, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, Sb, I, Se, Bi, with high enrichment factor( E. F) values, are derived from anthropogenic sources ,while Sc, AI, Fe, Mn, Sm, La, Sr are less than 10 in E. F, these elements are related the crust and soil. The concentration of the trace elements are present seasonal variation i.e. summer low and winter high, whereas the V or noncrustal V(V^* ) present summer high and winter low, this phenomenon might be explained by local or regional oil combustion sources. Use three type of elemental ratio, e.g. La/Sm, Mn^*/V^* and Bi/Al indicate that both TSP and PM10 of La/Sm ratios are mainly related to soil and dust, Mn^*/V^* are probably represent fossil combustion and Bi/Al are possibly associated with refuse incineration, ferromanganese alloys and aluminum production. The varimax rotation factor analysis for trace elements was performed. By means of the absolute principal component analysis (APCA) and multiple regression, the contribution of trace elements to possible sources and overall means of trace elements were estimated. The results showed that the present station is impacted by the anthropogenic species, although the quantities are different during the summertime and wintertime.     

中空纤维膜应用于两段式好氧生物反应器的研究

首先在清水滤过试验的基础上总结了合适的中空纤维膜的预处理方法 ,并对膜进行普通活性污泥的滤过试验 ,测定了在不同操作压力下的滤水通量 ,然后探讨了在两段式好氧生物反应器中用中空纤维膜进行泥水分离的特性。在 10 0d的长期试验中测定有机负荷、CODCr、MLSS等传统参数 ,证实反应器的处理效果 ,同时通过膜通量的变化规律讨论了造成膜污染的原因 ,推荐有效的膜再生方法     

室内气体中颗粒状污染物的计数技术

提出一种方法，将气体激光器的内腔作为颗粒注入区，利用气体激光器的内腔功率谱密度远大于腔外的特点，结合先进的激光散射理论，对空气中的颗粒进行计数和粒径分档，实践证明，该方法对较小粒径的颗粒检测非常有效。     

污泥低氧消化-膜分离工艺运行条件对膜通量的影响

应用低氧消化－膜分离工艺对活性污泥进行低氧消化处理，考察了运行条件对膜通理的影响，结果表明，操作压力和膜组件底部的曝气强度是本工艺膜分离过程中的2个重要的操作条件；操作压力对膜通量的影响与膜污染程度有关，膜污染越严重，临界压力越小；底部曝气对膜通量的影响程度受到操作压力的制约，操作压力越高，底部曝气的强度对膜通量的影响越大。     

超滤膜分离性能的影响因素研究

以水通量，化学需氧量和细菌截留率为主要考核指标，考察了超滤膜分离性污泥混合液的影响因素，结果表明：ＰＥＳ膜适宜污水膜生物工艺使用：一定程度下，膜的截留分子量大，有利于水通量增加；膜的水通量随污泥浓度和滤纸过滤液ＣＯＤ浓度的提高面减少；滤纸过滤液ＣＯＤ浓度对膜水通量影响大于活性污泥浓度；截留分子量小的膜，水通量随压力的提高而上升。