城市污水管网中水质变化特性

以管网中城市污水为研究对象,通过模拟管道的循环流动研究了水质变化特性。结果表明,在水力流动6 h的条件下,因管道沉积和管内微生物作用,城市污水中的TCOD(总有机物)去除率为10.79%,其中,沉积和生物降解作用对TCOD去除的贡献率分别为68.85%和31.15%。而管道中的氮类污染物的去除率为11.15%,管道沉积与生物降解作用各占约50%,其中生物降解引起的氮类污染物的变化主要是水中有机氮转化为NH3-N(NH3-N由35.51 mg/L升至38.38mg/L),以及反硝化作用造成的NO3-N转变(NO3-N由2.36 mg/L降至0.84 mg/L)。总磷的变化相对较小,与管道内相对稳定的缺氧环境有关。     

西安市PM2.5污染特征及其估测模型

为了研究大气中PM25污染特征以及其随时间变化规律,基于西安市2013年1月-2014年4月间SO2、NO2、CO、03、日最高温度(Tmax)、日最低温度(Tmin)、PM2.5、PM10等因素的监测数据.运用统计学原理和多元回归分析方法,分析了PM25的污染特征及相关因素对其产生的贡献度,进一步建立了四季的最优多元回归模型.研究结果表明,西安市年平均质量浓度124.9 μg/m3,四季的平均污染浓度从大到小依次为冬、春、秋、夏;春夏两季贡献较大的为SO2、CO;秋冬两季贡献较大的为NO2、CO;最终建立的模型的相关系数较高,模型很好地拟合了冬春两季PM2.5变化趋势,能较准确地反映了西安市PM2.5的污染特征,具有一定的理论和实用价值.     

Positive vs. false detection: A comparison of analytical methods and performance for analysis of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) in environmental samples from remote regions

Contamination and analytical variation can significantly hinder trace analysis of cyclic methyl volatile siloxanes (cVMS); potentially resulting in the report of false positives at concentrations approaching detection limits. To assess detection and variation associated with trace cVMS analysis in environmental matrices, a co-operative laboratory comparison for the analysis of octametylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcylcopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecametylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in sediment and biota from the Svalbard Archipelago was conducted. Two definitions of detection limits were evaluated in this study; method detection limits (MDL, matrix defined) and limits of detection (LOD, solvent defined). D5 was the only cVMS detected above both LOD (0.08–0.81 ng g⁻¹ ww) and MDL (0.47–2.36 ng g⁻¹ ww) within sediment by all laboratories where concentrations ranged from 0.55 to 3.91 ng g⁻¹ ww. The percentage of positive detects for D5 decreased by 80% when MDL was defined as the detection limit. D5 was also detected at the highest frequency among all laboratories in fish liver with concentrations ranging from 0.72 to 345 ng g⁻¹ ww. Similar to sediment, percentage of positive detects for D5 decreased by 60% across all laboratories for fish livers when using MDL (0.68–3.49 ng g⁻¹ ww). Similar observations were seen with both D4 and D6, indicating that sample matrix significantly contributes to analytical response variation. Despite differences in analytical methods used between laboratories, good agreement was obtained when using MDL to define detection limits. This study shows the importance of incorporating variation introduced by sample matrices into detection limit calculations to insure data accuracy of cVMS at low concentrations.     

复合人工湿地对高污染性河流营养物的去除

为了研究复合人工湿地对高污染性河流营养物的去除效果,在西安皂河人渭处建立了一座占地约13334m。包括5组不同复合人工湿地工艺的中试系统。经过1年的实验研究表明,复合型人工湿地对COD、BOD。和ss有很好的去除效果,其去除率最高分别为（82．4±7．2）％、（97．1±1．7）％和（94±2．7）％,对于脱氮除磷而言,以水力停留时间4．1d的复合湿地系列4的处理效果最佳,对TN、NH3-N和TP的年去除率达（79．4±14）％、（79．2±13．7）％和（82．3±12）％。氮的去除效果受温度季节性变化影响较大,夏季平均水温高于19℃有更好的处理效果,磷的去除效果受温度影响不大;NO2-、NO3-去除率呈现负增长,在湿地尾端出现了不同程度的积累。     

水葫芦与厨余垃圾混合好氧堆肥中氮素变化及对腐熟度的影响

通过采用间歇式好氧动态堆肥工艺,对厨余垃圾与添加水葫芦的厨余垃圾进行堆肥实验,探讨堆肥进程中全氮、氨基酸态氮、蛋白质的变化及对腐熟度的影响。结果表明,全氮含量在堆肥后期有所提高,分别由1.76%和2.23%提高到3.64%和2.67%;氨基酸态氮含量与微生物活性显著负相关;添加水葫芦使堆体温度提高,促进了蛋白质的快速降解;堆肥中N素是影响种子发芽的主要因素;添加水葫芦能够促进堆肥的腐熟。     

Crown condition dynamics of oak in southern Sweden 1988’999

Crown defoliation of oak (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) was analysed in 808 trees during three forest condition surveys (1988, 1993, and 1999) in the southern Sweden. From 1988 to 1999 crown defoliation increased by more than 20%. Changes in crown defoliation were related to the pH in the upper 20–30 cm of the mineral soils, which was closely connected to other measures of soil fertility (cation exchange capacity, CEC and C/N ratio). Trees growing on soils with a high pH (≥4.00, in BaCl₂ filtrate), high CEC and low C/N ratio had significantly lower crown defoliation than trees growing on more acid soils (pH <4.00), indicating that less favourable soil conditions may further enhance oak decline. Age did not differentiate trees with respect to crown defoliation, indicating that decline in crown condition was not due to an age-related increase in crown transparency. Considering only trees younger than 100 years, a significant interaction was observed between changes in crown defoliation and soil pH. Trees younger than 100 years old growing on more acidic soils had a greater increase in crown transparency than trees on more basic soils between 1988 and 1999. Trees ≥100 years old had significantly higher defoliation on more acidic than on more basic soils, however defoliation dynamics of these trees over 1988–99 was not related to soil acidity. Two biotic agents (insect and fungal leaf infections) evaluated in this study did not prove to be important drivers of defoliation dynamics.     

Assessing Spatial Occurrence of Ground Level Ozone around Coal Mining Areas of Chandrapur District, Maharashtra, India

Stratospheric input and photochemical ozone formation in the troposphere are the two main sources determining the ozone levels in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Because of the importance of ozone in controlling the atmospheric chemistry and its decisive role in the heat balance of atmosphere, leading to climate change, the examination of its formation and destruction are of great interest. This study characterized the distribution of Ground level Ozone (GLO) in Chandrapur district is lying between 19°25′N to 20°45′N and 78°50′E to 80°10′E. Continuous ozone analyzer was used to quantify GLO at thirteen locations fixed by Global Positioning System (GPS) during the winter of 2005–2006. The daily GLO at all the locations ranged between 6.4 and 24.8 ppbv with an average and standard deviation of 14.9 ± 6.5 ppbv. The maximum and minimum concentration occurs during 1300–1600 h and 0300–0500 h may be due to high solar radiation facilitating photochemical production of O₃ and downward mixing from the overlying air mass and in situ destruction of ozone by deposition and/or the reaction between O₃ and NO. GIS based spatial distribution of GLO in Chandrapur district is indicates that the central core of the district and southern sites experienced elevated levels of GLO relative to the northern and western areas. The sites near by Chandrapur city are particularly affected by elevated GLO. The average variation of GLO with temperature shows a significant correlation of r = 0.55 indicating a direct relationship between GLO and temperature. Similarly an attempt has been made to compare the GLO monitored data in Chandrapur district with the reported values for other locations in Indian cities. This generated database helps regulatory agencies to identify locations where the natural resources and human health could be at risk.     

Phenogenetic response of silver birch populations and half-sib families to elevated ozone and ultraviolet-B radiation at juvenile age

Phenogenetic response of silver birch populations and half-sib families to separate and combined elevated ozone (O₃) concentrations and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation dozes was studied at juvenile age in the climatic chambers. Significant population and family effects were found for seedling height, lamina width, and leaf damage. The exposure to UV-B radiation decreased genetic variation at the stage of seed germination. Complex exposure to UV-B and O₃ caused an increase of genetic variation at the stage of intensive seedling growth: seedling height genetic variation in separate treatments increased from 23.7–38.6 to 33.7–65.7%, the increase for lamina width was from 10.2–13.9 to 13.6–31.8%. Different populations and families demonstrated differing response to elevated complex UV-B and O₃ exposure. Changes of genetic intra-population variation were population-specific. Such changes in genetic variation under the impact of stressors can alter adaptation, stability, and competitive ability of regenerating populations in a hardly predictive way.     

Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions in China

A regression model based on the provincial energy consumption data was developed to calculate the monthly proportions of residential energy consumption compared to the total year volume. This model was also validated by comparing with some survey and statistical data. With this model, a PAHs emission inventory with seasonal variation was developed. The seasonal variations of different sources in different regions of China and the spatial distribution of the major sources in different seasons were also achieved. The PAHs emissions were larger in the winter than in the summer, with a difference of about 1.3-folds between the months with the largest and the smallest emissions. Residential solid fuel combustion dominated the pattern of seasonal variation with the winter-time emissions as much as 1.6 times as that in the summer, while the emissions from wild fires and open fire straw burning was mainly concentrated during the spring and summer.     

Spatial distribution and internal metal concentrations of terrestrial arthropods in a moderately contaminated lowland floodplain along the Rhine River

Soil metal concentrations, inundation characteristics and abundances of 14 arthropod taxa were investigated in a moderately contaminated lowland floodplain along the Rhine River and compared to the hinterland. Internal metal concentrations were determined for the orders of Coleoptera (beetles) and Araneida (spiders) and were related to soil concentrations. The floodplain was characterized by larger arthropod abundance than the hinterland, in spite of recurrent inundations and higher soil metal concentrations. Most arthropod taxa showed increasing abundance with decreasing distance to the river channel and increasing average inundation duration. For Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, significant relations were found between arthropod concentrations and concentrations in soil. Significant relations were few but positive, indicating that increasing soil concentrations result in increasing body burdens in arthropods. For arthropod-eating vertebrates, these results might imply that larger prey availability in the floodplain coincides with higher metal concentrations in prey, possibly leading to increased exposure to metal contamination.