海水中对硫磷的毛细管气相色谱分析

介绍了用配备火焰热离子检测器(FTD)的毛细管气相色谱法检测海水中对硫磷的分析方法.通过对本方法各实验参数验证及与其他方法的简单比较,表明本方法可以适用于海水中对硫磷的检测.本方法检出限为1.95 μg/L.同时,于2005年7月28日至7月31日在大亚湾生态监控区采集海水样品进行检测,检测结果全部为未检出.     

Screening for antioxidant and detoxification responses in Perna canaliculus Gmelin exposed to an antifouling bioactive intended for use in aquaculture

Polygodial is a drimane sesquiterpene dialdehyde derived from certain terrestrial plant species that potently inhibits ascidian metamorphosis, and thus has potential for controlling fouling ascidians in bivalve aquaculture. The current study examined the effects of polygodial on a range of biochemical biomarkers of oxidative stress and detoxification effort in the gills of adult Perna canaliculus Gmelin. Despite high statistical power and the success of positive controls, the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); thiol status, as measured by total glutathione (GSH-t), glutathione disulphide (GSSG), and GSH-t/GSSG ratio; end products of oxidative damage, lipid hydroperoxides (LHPO) and protein carbonyls; and detoxification pathways, represented by GSH-t and glutathione S-transferase (GST), were unaffected in the gills of adult P. canaliculus exposed to polygodial at 0.1 or 1 × the 99% effective dose in fouling ascidians (IC₉₉). Similarly, GR levels, thiol status, and detoxification activities were unaffected in mussels exposed to polygodial at 10 × the IC₉₉, although GPOX, CAT, and SOD activities increased. However, the increases were small relative to positive controls, no corresponding oxidative damage was detected, and this concentration greatly exceeds effective doses required to inhibit fouling ascidians in aquaculture. These findings compliment a previous study that established the insensitivity to polygodial of P. canaliculus growth, condition, and mitochondrial functioning, providing additional support for the suitability of polygodial for use as an antifouling agent in bivalve aquaculture.     

Rapid and Sensitive LC/MS/MS Direct Injection Method for the Determination of Trace Level Corexit EC9500A Oil Dispersant in Seawater

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the determination of trace dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) concentrations in seawater samples has been established. The method is well suited to aquatic environment impact monitoring following application of the dispersant Corexit EC9500A. Linearity of the method was demonstrated down to 0.05 ng/mL^?1 (0.05 µgL^?1) DOSS in seawater, with a 2.4% relative standard deviation precision for preparation replicates. A US EPA method limit of detection of <0.02 ng/mL^?1 (<0.02 µgL^?1) was calculated and specificity was confirmed by monitoring of two qualifier ions at 291.1 m/z and 227.1 m/z. These transitions were confirmed by QToF analysis to be associated with the DOSS precursor ion at 421.2 m/z. For application to seawater samples and samples containing oil particulates, a practical and repeatable calibration range of 0.5 ng/mL^?1 (0.5 µgL^?1) to 25.0 ng/mL^?1 (25.0 µgL^?1) DOSS is reported. The method was shown to have excellent precision and accuracy, with a consistent ≤1.6% relative standard deviation for system suitability standards at 0.5 ng/mL^?1 (0.5 µgL^?1) and linear weighted (1/x) regression coefficients of determination ≥0.995. The surfactant nature of the analyte is discussed in relation to detection limit and loss of analyte. Speculation of a relationship between DOSS in association or aggregation with divalent cations, such as Ca²⁺ present in salt water and hard water, is suggested. The consequent effects on cell ionic balance and membrane function are discussed.     

螺旋管式二次流混合器的混合特征

考察了用于混凝过程的螺旋管式二次流混合器的曲率、螺距和水流速度等主要因素对其水头损失、G值以及GT值的影响规律。研究发现,该混合器的水头损失、G值及GT值均随曲率、水流速度的增大而增大,随螺距的增加而降低;除螺距和水流速度的交互作用对GT值没有影响外,该混合器的螺距、曲率、水流速度以及这3个因素间(包括两两之间以及三者之间)的交互作用对混合器G值、GT值的影响均高度显著,3个因素影响的显著性顺序为水流速度曲率螺距。     

基于环路热管的冷却系统实验研究

为了提高铁路车辆牵引变流器冷却系统技术水平,满足铁路车辆装备发展需求,针对热控领域先进技术环路热管进行了冷却系统实验研究.在阐述环路热管基本原理、实验系统搭建及参数设置的基础上,从气动特性和运行特性2个方面对实验结果进行数据分析,以期为今后牵引变流器及其他铁路大功率电子设备冷却技术的发展提供新思路及备选方案.     

污水管网优化设计程序的比较与分析

比较了流速法和坡度法两种常用污水管网优化设计程序在不同地形条件下的应用效果.结果表明,在地形较为平缓地区,两者均能得到较好的结果,其中流速法在埋深上更具优势;而在地形较陡地区,坡度法能充分利用有利地形控制埋深和坡度,优化设计效果较好.     

油气管道维抢修密封卡具的安全检测与应用

针对油气管道维抢修所使用密封卡具在使用过程中存在安全隐患的问题,提出了1种密封卡具的安全检测方法,并设计了检测平台。检测平台主要由管段夹持装置、密封卡具组件、实验管段、液压注剂系统以及压力测量系统等构成;检测方法包括密封卡具的出厂强度检验、密封性能测试以及安全施工压力测试,通过检测来确保施工过程中密封卡具的安全稳定性及密封作业的成功率;在新疆油田采油一厂进行了现场应用,对泄漏管段进行现场勘测后设计加工了适用的密封卡具,对该卡具进行了室内安全检验,并依据注剂式密封技术的相关标准在现场实施了带压密封作业。研究结果表明:所加工密封卡具的强度、密封性能安全可靠,现场安全注剂压力不应超过22 MPa,管道未发生二次破坏,密封效果良好。     

海水水质富营养化评价的集对分析方法

建立了利用集对分析方法进行海水水质富营养化综合评价的新模型，并通过实例研究评价效果，与BP人工神经网络方法比较，集对分析方法评价模型严谨，评价结果合理、精细、分辨率高，取得了满意的结果，为海水环境质量综合评价提供了一种简单而适用的评价方法。     

黄河三角洲浅层地下水化学特征及形成作用

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区开发建设和黄河下游生态调度均需要了解当地地下水化学特征.在沉积环境分区和补-径-排系统分区的基础上,采用数理统计与地统计、Piper三线图和离子比例系数等方法,对黄河三角洲浅层地下水化学特征及成因进行了系统研究.结果表明,①主要水化学参数Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、SO24-、HCO3-和TDS的质量浓度分别介于0.1～25.0g.L-1、3.6～3 815.0 mg.L-1、5.6～3 377.0 mg.L-1、0.1～45.1 g.L-1、24.2～4 947.0 mg.L-1、62.6～850.0 mg.L-1和0.4～80.7 g.L-1之间,各离子质量浓度均值进一步表明区域内Cl-、Na+和TDS质量浓度很高,而HCO 3-、CO23-和K+质量浓度很低.②Cl-和TDS质量浓度沿地下水流向逐渐增大,二者均呈现显著的方向性空间变异和空间分布一致性,揭示了Cl-是浅层地下水水质的主控离子.③从补给区到排泄区,浅层地下水水化学类型由Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+-Cl--SO42-等复杂类型快速过渡到Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+-Cl-(或Mg2+-Na+-Ca2+-Cl-)及Na+-Mg2+-Cl-型,并在海岸滩涂区演化成Na+-Cl-这一简单类型的水.④混合、蒸发浓缩、溶滤、阳离子交替吸附作用及人类活动的影响是黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水化学成分形成的主要作用.该地区浅层地下水化学特征形成的关键驱动因素是黄河入海流路的变迁和海水入侵.     

碳源调控下复合垂直流人工湿地脱氮研究

碳源是制约生物脱氮效率的重要因素.我国城市污水碳源不足,需要考虑补充碳源提供反硝化电子供体.在复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)系统中,通过湿地特有的通气管补充碳源到湿地底部,改善了湿地内部微生物环境,强化了湿地脱氮功能,对氮的去除效率有显著提高.结果表明,葡萄糖作为外加碳源提高系统的反硝化能力要优于羧甲基纤维素(CMC),投加葡萄糖的系统比未补充碳源的系统脱氮效率有显著提高(p0.05).通过投加不同量的葡萄糖进行对比实验,发现对于处理量60 L.d-1的IVCW系统最佳葡萄糖投加量为1.5 g.此时C6H12O6∶NO3--N的质量比仅为4.3,这个投加量远低于在进水中为满足反硝化所需调控的C/N,因此通气管投加碳源的方式可节约外加碳源成本.此外,在进水前4h投加碳源要优于进水时加入碳源.