Determining floodplain sedimentation rates using Cs in a low fallout environment dominated by channel- and cultivation-derived sediment inputs, central Queensland, Australia

Fallout ¹³⁷Cs has been widely used to determine floodplain sedimentation rates in temperate environments, particularly in the northern hemisphere. Its application in low fallout, tropical environments in the southern hemisphere has been limited. In this study we assess the utility of ¹³⁷Cs for determining rates of floodplain sedimentation in a dry-tropical catchment in central Queensland, Australia. Floodplain and reference site cores were analysed in two centimetre increments, depth profiles were produced and total ¹³⁷Cs inventories calculated from the detailed profile data. Information on the rates of ¹³⁷Cs migration through local soils was obtained from the reference site soil cores. This data was used in an advection–diffusion model to account of ¹³⁷Cs mobility in floodplain sediment cores. This allowed sedimentation rates to be determined without the first year of detection for ¹³⁷Cs being known and without having to assume that ¹³⁷Cs remains immobile following deposition. Caesium-137 depth profiles in this environment are demonstrated to be an effective way of determining floodplain sedimentation rates. The total ¹³⁷Cs inventory approach was found to be less successful, with only one of the three sites analysed being in unequivocal agreement with the depth profile results. The input of sediment from catchment sources that have little, or no, ¹³⁷Cs attached results in true depositional sites having total inventories that are not significantly different from those of undisturbed reference sites.     

基于RS和GIS的2008年长江中下游雪灾监测——以湖北省为例

2008年1月中旬至2月初,我国长江中下游地区出现了大范围持续低温、雨雪、冰冻天气气候事件,造成了特大积雪灾害。以湖北省为例,基于RS和GIS技术对这次雪灾进行了动态的监测评估。利用连续多天的卫星遥感资料和积雪深度观测资料,在GIS的支持下,计算归一化差分积雪指数（NDSI）,提取积雪分布信息,并根据不同海拔高度,确定了积雪深度的NDSI分层阈值,实现了3层积雪深度(0～10、10～20 和20～30 cm)的判识。针对积雪区内不同的土地利用类型,统计了不同深度的积雪面积。结果表明：湖北省近90%面积被雪覆盖,其中江汉平原、鄂东北和鄂东南等地雪灾最为严重,部分地区积雪深度在20 cm以上;水田、旱地等农业用地以及湖泊、水库、河渠等水系积雪最为严重,居民点用地也有较大范围的积雪,居民生活受较大影响;2月2日以后积雪面积逐日减少,到2月8日,积雪基本融化。在上述研究基础上形成了基于RS和GIS的长江中下游积雪监测的业务流程.     

Adaptation of Nitraria sphaerocarpa to wind-blown sand environments at the edge of a desert oasis

This study addresses the adaptation of Nitraria sphaervcarpa to blown sand at the edge of a desert oasis with regard to the aspects of soil seed banks, seedlings, and population. Horizontally, the total number of seeds per unit area decreased from the shrub canopy center to intershrub areas, and most seeds were found under shrub canopies. Vertically, the highest proportion of seeds was found at depths of 5-10 cm. The emergence percentage, seedling mass, and seedling height, which were significantly affected by both burial depth and seed size, were highest at the optimal burial depth of 2 cm, and decreased with increasing burial depth in each seed size-class. Although seedling mass was usually greatest for large seeds and least for small seeds at each burial depth, little difference was observed in seedling height at shallow burial depths of 0-3 cm. The population shows a patchy and discontinuous distribution pattern. Population height increases with increasing sand depth. Also the density increases with increasing depth of sand in the desert; however, there is a steady decrease when the depth of sand is more than 100 cm. This result indicates that the depth of sand that is most suitable for the growth of Nitraria sphaervcarpa is 100 cm. The size of the population is significantly correlated with the sand depth, which increases with increasing depth in the desert.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

长江三角洲大气气溶胶光学厚度分布和变化趋势研究

利用2000～2005年MODIS Level 2气溶胶产品分析了长江三角洲区域气溶胶光学厚度的分布和季节变化特点.结果显示,近年来长江三角洲气溶胶光学厚度值较高的区域逐年增加,光学厚度大于1.0的区域面积增加最快.根据城市气溶胶季节变化特征研究,发现长江三角洲地区各主要城市近年气溶胶有逐渐增加的趋势.统计结果表明,平原城市群气溶胶年峰值出现在夏季;山区城市群气溶胶年峰值出现在春季.平原城市群光学厚度增加速度大于山区城市群.     

艾比湖流域气溶胶光学厚度时空演变及影响因素

气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)描述了气溶胶对光的衰减作用,并在一定程度上反映区域大气污染程度.本研究以2000年～2015年长时间序列MOD09A1数据为本底,在生成查找表的基础上,采用深蓝算法(DB)对艾比湖流域2000年～2015年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI数据进行AOD遥感估算,分析艾比湖流域AOD时空变化特征,结合环境变量选用随机森林模型(RF)对AOD进行预测及因子贡献度排序.结果表明:①艾比湖流域AOD呈现显著的季节性变化特征,AOD值春季(0. 414)夏季(0. 390)秋季(0. 287),其中春季变化幅度最大.②艾比湖流域平均AOD为0. 374,年际变化整体表现为上升趋势,但在2010～2015年间AOD增加较快,年际增幅达到32. 32%,表明该流域近15年间的大气污染不断加剧,近5年尤甚.③艾比湖流域AOD空间分布从艾比湖北部到南部呈阶梯式上升变化,其中,精河县污染最为突显,AOD值达到0. 483.④RF模型对AOD的预测效果较好,R~2=0. 866,RMSE=0. 042,其中蒸散发对艾比湖流域AOD影响最为显著.     

水温分层对三峡水库香溪河库湾春季水华的影响

三峡水库蓄水以来,其支流库湾年复一年暴发严重的春季水华.为找出支流库湾春季水华的关键影响因子,2010年春季对三峡水库库首最大的支流香溪河库湾进行了原位定点连续监测,主要监测指标包括水温、水体透明度、水下光照及营养盐浓度等环境因子.结果表明,春季水温分层发育导致水体混合层深度突然减小是春季水华暴发的直接诱因,真光层与水体混合层之比(Zeu/Zmix)与叶绿素a(Chl-a)的皮尔逊相关系数达0.934(P<0.01).表明Critical Depth模型可用于解释三峡水库典型支流库湾水华生消机制.本研究将为三峡水库支流库湾水华预报及防治提供重要参考.     

中国3个AERONET站点气溶胶微物理特性分析及比较

选取中国地区区域代表性较强且观测时间序列较长的3个AERONET站点(SACOL、香河和太湖),分析了其气溶胶微物理参数特征. 香河和太湖多年平均气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)分别为0.67±0.66和0.72±0.44,是SACOL AOD平均值(0.38±0.27)的近2倍,且AOD变化范围较大. SACOL春冬季AOD较大,夏秋季AOD较小;而香河和太湖夏春季较大,秋冬季较小.结合尺度分布、体积浓度等参数特征说明沙尘是SACOL春季最主要的气溶胶类型,香河春季受沙尘的影响也较严重,而太湖受沙尘影响的频率较香河要小的多;香河和太湖AOD最大值出现月份与细模态粒子体积浓度最大值出现月份一致,是由于细模态粒子的消光效率是粗模态粒子的3~4倍.细模态体积比(Vf/Vt)的年变化趋势与?ngstr?m波长指数(?)的年变化趋势相似,Vf/Vt和?均可以用来分析粒子尺度大小的年变化特征.但?1.7时,Vf/Vt大于0.6,以细模态粒子为主;而0.75相似文献   

基于MODIS_C061的长三角地区AOD与Angström指数时空变化分析

以长三角为研究区,利用AERONET地基观测的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据,验证了基于MODIS_C061深蓝算法(DB)的AOD产品适用于长三角地区.并利用2000～2018年MOD04_L2产品,分析研究区AOD和Angstr?m指数(AE)的时空变化特征.结果表明,长三角地区AOD呈现东部和北部平原地区高、南部和西部山区低的空间分布,AE呈现南部地区高北部地区低的空间分布. 2003～2007年,AOD年均值增长显著,增长率为23%, 2011年以后逐渐下降; 2001～2003年,AE年均值增长迅速, 2012年以后逐渐下降.AOD在长三角地区呈现夏季最高、冬季最低的显著季节性变化,月均值6月最高达0.84, 8月最低为0.40;AE呈现秋季最高,春季最低的季节性变化,月均值9月最高达1.47, 3月最低为1.08.根据AOD与AE的关系,对长三角地区气溶胶类型进行了研究,结果表明人为产生的城市工业气溶胶是该地区主要的气溶胶类型,其次为混合型和清洁大陆型.     

基于遥感的呼伦湖水体动态监测研究

湖泊是地球重要的淡水资源,其时空动态监测对于水资源的合理利用和保护具有重要意义。呼伦湖是内蒙古第一大湖,在草原生态环境保护中举足轻重。该研究选用1975-2011年间的14景Landsat遥感影像和Aster GDEM高程数据,应用水体指数,在精确提取湖泊边界的基础上,尝试估算了呼伦湖的平均水深和蓄水量,探讨了呼伦湖面积、平均水深、水量的动态变化规律及其相关关系;并结合降水、蒸发等气候数据,揭示了呼伦湖水体变化的原因。结果表明:呼伦湖水体发生了明显的萎缩,尤其进入21世纪,萎缩速度明显加快;其水域面积、平均水深和蓄水量都表现出明显的涨落周期;蓄水量与水域面积、平均水深之间均存在较显著的正相关关系,为呼伦湖遥感动态监测和预测提供了一个简单有效的方法。