The Natural Vegetation Responses to the Groundwater Change Resulting from Ecological Water Conveyances to the Lower Tarim River

This paper takes the ecological water conveyance project (EWCP) that transfers water from the Bosten Lake, to Daxihaizi Reservoir, and finally to the Taitema Lake as a case study to analyze the dynamic change of the groundwater depth, the vegetation responses to the elevation of the groundwater depth as well as the relationship between the groundwater depth and the natural vegetation. The results from many years’ monitoring in field indicate: (1) the groundwater depth has been elevating gradually with the increase in the times of watering and the elevation range has been expanding continuously in the lower reaches of Tarim River. Correspondingly, the natural vegetation has a favorable response to the elevation of the groundwater depth. The change of the natural vegetation has accordance with that of the groundwater depth. Such facts not only show that groundwater is a key factor to the growth of the native vegetation but also prove it is feasible that the degraded ecosystem can be restored and protected by the EWCP; (2) the results of analysis of the spatial-temporal response of the natural vegetation to watering reveals that the beneficial influence of the EWCP on the ecosystem in the lower Tarim River is a long-term process; (3) in terms of the function and structure of ecosystem after watering in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the EWCP does not still reach the goal of ecological restoration at a large spatial scale at present. Based on such monitoring results, some countermeasures and suggestions for the future restoration strategy are proposed so as to provide a theoretical basis for restoring and protecting the ecosystem in Tarim River, and meanwhile it can also provide some scientific references for implementing the similar ecological projects in other areas.     

Evaluation of the Impact of Long-range Transport and Aerosol Concentration Temporal Variations at the Eastern Coast of the Baltic Sea

Ambient particles vary greatly in their ability to affect visibility, climate and human health. The fine fraction of aerosol is responsible for greater and wider effects on human health; thus, investigation of this fraction is very important. Continuous measurements of PM2.5 (particulate matter below 2.5 μm in size) concentrations at the Preila monitoring station started in 2003. During a period of 2 years, the episodes of high daily and semi-hourly concentrations of PM2.5 were measured. These episodes did not depend on the season or time of day. The substantial role of long-range transport of pollutants to these increases in concentration was shown using chemical and statistical analysis. It was found that most of the severe episodes occurred when air masses came from a specific site besides it was established that air masses of different origin were characterized by different mixing layer depth. Lower mixing depth was observed in air masses characterized by higher observed concentrations at the measuring site and vice versa. PM2.5 concentrations showed diurnal and seasonal variations whose pattern reflected the regional origin of the aerosol. The regional pollution level was evaluated by the statistical analysis of PM2.5 concentrations. The background annual average of PM2.5 mass concentration for the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea was 15.1 ± 0.8 μg m⁻³.     

基于遥感的呼伦湖水体动态监测研究

湖泊是地球重要的淡水资源,其时空动态监测对于水资源的合理利用和保护具有重要意义。呼伦湖是内蒙古第一大湖,在草原生态环境保护中举足轻重。该研究选用1975-2011年间的14景Landsat遥感影像和Aster GDEM高程数据,应用水体指数,在精确提取湖泊边界的基础上,尝试估算了呼伦湖的平均水深和蓄水量,探讨了呼伦湖面积、平均水深、水量的动态变化规律及其相关关系;并结合降水、蒸发等气候数据,揭示了呼伦湖水体变化的原因。结果表明:呼伦湖水体发生了明显的萎缩,尤其进入21世纪,萎缩速度明显加快;其水域面积、平均水深和蓄水量都表现出明显的涨落周期;蓄水量与水域面积、平均水深之间均存在较显著的正相关关系,为呼伦湖遥感动态监测和预测提供了一个简单有效的方法。     

基于线性混合效应模型的河北省PM2.5浓度时空变化模型研究

京津冀地区大气PM_2.5污染严重.为揭示区域PM_2.5时空分布规律,使用2013-2014年河北省地面站点PM_2.5监测数据、MODIS AOD（气溶胶光学厚度）遥感数据、地面气象站点数据和土地利用调查数据,基于线性混合效应模型（LME）,建立了ρ（PM_2.5）时空变化与AOD因子、气象因子、土地利用因子之间的关系模型.采用十折交叉验证法对模型精度进行检验,并利用计算得到的校正因子[全部实测的ρ（PM_2.5）年均值除以参与建模的所有实测ρ（PM_2.5）年均值]纠正因AOD非随机性缺值导致的抽样偏差.结果表明:①河北省区域模拟精度R2（决定系数）为0.85,经交叉验证后R2为0.77,RMSE（均方根误差）和RPE（相对预测误差）分别为18.28 μg/m3和28.68%.②ρ（PM_2.5）年均值模拟结果的校正因子范围为1.24~2.05,校正后的研究区ρ（PM_2.5）年均值为89.84 μg/m3,与实际监测数据相近.③ρ（PM_2.5）空间分布呈平原高、山区低,平原地区西南高、东北低的趋势.④ρ（PM_2.5）与AOD、温度、相对湿度呈正相关,与风速、大气能见度呈负相关.研究显示,线性混合效应模型能有效对ρ（PM_2.5）进行时空变化模拟,并实现对非地面监测地区ρ（PM_2.5）时空变化的预测,恰当的预测因子组合和模型校正有助于模型预测精度的提升.      

三峡大宁河水体光学特征及其对藻类生物量的影响

基于2012-04-27—2013-01-19大宁河不同水文期的监测数据,确定大宁河水体光学特性的季节变化特征,并探究其对藻类生物量的影响. 结果表明:①不同水文期大宁河的D_eu(真光层深度)差异显著(P＜0.01),最高值出现在高水位运行期,为(5.22±2.70)～(8.71±5.20)m;最低值出现在汛限期,为(3.22±0.08)～(3.81±0.14)m. ②回归分析结果表明,ρ(SS)能较好地反演真光层深度的时空变化规律,而ρ(Chla)的解释度不高,仅用ρ(SS)即可有效地反推真光层深度. ③利用局部多项式回归拟合大宁河E_t(总能量密度)和浮游生物量的回归模型,结果表明,在100t≤300时,藻类生物量随着E_t的增加而增大;E_t>300时则出现“光抑制”现象,藻类生物量随着E_t的增加而减少,基本符合藻类生物量随光辐射强度而改变的响应机制.      

SBAR反应器生物膜生长特性

采用载体吸附法的自固定化方式培养出活性良好的颗粒污泥———悬浮载体生物膜颗粒,并建立了生物膜物化特性和生化特性的系统分析方法。试验装置采用SBAR反应器,投加人工配水,裸载体为陶粒(湿视密度1 310 kg/m3、平均粒径0.55 mm)。试验运行了110 d,反应器内最大污泥浓度12.4 g/L,最大附着污泥浓度9.52 g/L。     

Dissipation of terbuthylazine,metolachlor, and mesotrione in soils with contrasting texture

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the dissipation of terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione at different depths in soils with contrasting texture. The field trial was conducted at the Padua University Experimental Farm, north-east Italy. The persistence of three herbicides was studied in three different soil textures (clay soil, sandy soil, and loamy soil) at two depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm). Soil organic carbon content was highest in the clay (1.10%) followed by loam (0.67%) and sandy soil (0.24%); the pH of soils was sub-alkaline. Terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione were applied on maize as a formulated product (Lumax®) at a dose of 3.5 L ha^?1. Their dissipation in the treated plots was followed for 2 months after application. The concentrations of herbicides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dissipation of terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione could be described by a pseudo first-order kinetics. Terbuthylazine showed the highest DT50, followed by metolachlor and mesotrione. Considering the tested soil, the highest DT50 value was found in clay soil for terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas for mesotrione there was no difference among soils. Significant differences were found between the two soil depths for terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas none were found for mesotrione. These results suggest that soil texture and depth have a strong influence on the dissipation of terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas no influence was observed on mesotrione because of its chemical and physical properties.     

Direct-push geochemical profiling for assessment of inorganic chemical heterogeneity in aquifers

Discrete-depth sampling of inorganic groundwater chemistry is essential for a variety of site characterization activities. Although the mobility and rapid sampling capabilities of direct-push techniques have led to their widespread use for evaluating the distribution of organic contaminants, complementary methods for the characterization of spatial variations in geochemical conditions have not been developed. In this study, a direct-push-based approach for high-resolution inorganic chemical profiling was developed at a site where sharp chemical contrasts and iron-reducing conditions had previously been observed. Existing multilevel samplers (MLSs) that span a fining-upward alluvial sequence were used for comparison with the direct-push profiling. Chemical profiles obtained with a conventional direct-push exposed-screen sampler differed from those obtained with an adjacent MLS because of sampler reactivity and mixing with water from previous sampling levels. The sampler was modified by replacing steel sampling components with stainless-steel and heat-treated parts, and adding an adapter that prevents mixing. Profiles obtained with the modified approach were in excellent agreement with those obtained from an adjacent MLS for all constituents and parameters monitored (Cl, NO(3), Fe, Mn, DO, ORP, specific conductance and pH). Interpretations of site redox conditions based on field-measured parameters were supported by laboratory analysis of dissolved Fe. The discrete-depth capability of this approach allows inorganic chemical variations to be described at a level of detail that has rarely been possible. When combined with the mobility afforded by direct-push rigs and on-site methods of chemical analysis, the new approach is well suited for a variety of interactive site-characterization endeavors.