上海市郊4种地表径流深度的测算

根据有关试验资料和美国土壤保持局推荐的方法，提出了上海市郊４种地表径流深度的计算公式。计算结果表明，当年降雨量为１０５３ｍｍ时，上海市郊４种地表径流的总量为１３．６亿ｍ＾３，平均径流深度为３００ｍｍ，径流系数为２８．４９％，４种径流量占郊区总量的７７．８２％，产流面积为郊区总面积的７５．１０％。     

利用多台首波Pn、直达波Pg走时确定地壳厚度及波速

本文通过对首波Pn、直达波Pg的走时的反演,推导出地壳厚度、震源深度、P波在地壳中、壳幔边界的传播速度之间的关系式,利用多台地震记录确定一个区域内这些参数的值,从而建立出该区域的地壳模型。     

Effects of soiling and cleaning on the reflectance and solar heat gain of a light-colored roofing membrane

A roof with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance (e.g., a white roof) stays cool in the sun, reducing cooling power demand in a conditioned building and increasing summertime comfort in an unconditioned building. The high initial solar reflectance of a white membrane roof (circa 0.8) can be lowered by deposition of soot, dust, and/or biomass (e.g., fungi or algae) to about 0.6; degraded solar reflectances range from 0.3 to 0.8, depending on exposure. We investigate the effects of soiling and cleaning on the solar spectral reflectances and solar absorptances of 15 initially white or light-gray polyvinyl chloride membrane samples taken from roofs across the United States. Black carbon and organic carbon were the two identifiable strongly absorbing contaminants on the membranes. Wiping was effective at removing black carbon, and less so at removing organic carbon. Rinsing and/or washing removed nearly all of the remaining soil layer, with the exception of (a) thin layers of organic carbon and (b) isolated dark spots of biomass. Bleach was required to clear these last two features. At the most soiled location on each membrane, the ratio of solar reflectance to unsoiled solar reflectance (a measure of cleanliness) ranged from 0.41 to 0.89 for the soiled samples; 0.53 to 0.95 for the wiped samples; 0.74 to 0.98 for the rinsed samples; 0.79 to 1.00 for the washed samples; and 0.94 to 1.02 for the bleached samples. However, the influences of membrane soiling and cleaning on roof heat gain are better gauged by fractional variations in solar absorptance. Solar absorptance ratios (indicating solar heat gain relative to that of an unsoiled membrane) ranged from 1.4 to 3.5 for the soiled samples; 1.1 to 3.1 for the wiped samples; 1.0 to 2.0 for the rinsed samples; 1.0 to 1.9 for the washed samples; and 0.9 to 1.3 for the bleached samples.     

Direct-push geochemical profiling for assessment of inorganic chemical heterogeneity in aquifers

Discrete-depth sampling of inorganic groundwater chemistry is essential for a variety of site characterization activities. Although the mobility and rapid sampling capabilities of direct-push techniques have led to their widespread use for evaluating the distribution of organic contaminants, complementary methods for the characterization of spatial variations in geochemical conditions have not been developed. In this study, a direct-push-based approach for high-resolution inorganic chemical profiling was developed at a site where sharp chemical contrasts and iron-reducing conditions had previously been observed. Existing multilevel samplers (MLSs) that span a fining-upward alluvial sequence were used for comparison with the direct-push profiling. Chemical profiles obtained with a conventional direct-push exposed-screen sampler differed from those obtained with an adjacent MLS because of sampler reactivity and mixing with water from previous sampling levels. The sampler was modified by replacing steel sampling components with stainless-steel and heat-treated parts, and adding an adapter that prevents mixing. Profiles obtained with the modified approach were in excellent agreement with those obtained from an adjacent MLS for all constituents and parameters monitored (Cl, NO(3), Fe, Mn, DO, ORP, specific conductance and pH). Interpretations of site redox conditions based on field-measured parameters were supported by laboratory analysis of dissolved Fe. The discrete-depth capability of this approach allows inorganic chemical variations to be described at a level of detail that has rarely been possible. When combined with the mobility afforded by direct-push rigs and on-site methods of chemical analysis, the new approach is well suited for a variety of interactive site-characterization endeavors.     

卫星遥感AOD反演地面细颗粒物浓度方法与效果

使用2015~2018年MODIS AOD产品融合地表气象资料反演了地面细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度,并以反演的PM_2.5浓度为依据,比较了地面PM_2.5观测资料的各种空间插值方法.结果表明：2015~2018年反演的PM_2.5平均浓度与地基观测平均浓度的R²达0.94;干季反演效果好于湿季,珠江三角洲反演效果好于非珠江三角洲地区,原因是湿季天气系统较不稳定,非珠江三角洲地区多山脉和秸秆燃烧,导致气溶胶标高、质量消光效率等假设误差较大.使用4种插值方法对地基观测的PM_2.5浓度进行插值,插值结果大致相当,反距离加权插值法较好,站点分布不均、部分区域站点密度小影响插值效果,建议在站点稀疏地区增加地面PM_2.5观测站点.     

长株潭城市群气溶胶时空分布与传输规律

为研究长株潭城市群大气污染时空演化特征及潜在传输规律,采用2008~2016年中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）MAIAC气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）数据,分析长株潭城市群近10a来AOD演化特征.在此基础上,利用拉格朗日混合型单粒子轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）及全球资料同化系统（GDAS）气象要素数据研究大气污染物潜在传输规律.结果表明,长株潭城市群AOD呈现下降趋势,并以春、夏季下降幅度最为显著.空间上,AOD总体呈北高南低、西高东低分布特征,并与经济发展、城市化水平等因素密切相关.此外,长株潭城市群大气污染物向外长距离传输（>1500km）、中距离传输（500~1500km）以及局地传输（0~500km）比率分别为17.89%、36.45%和45.66%,主要影响湖北、江西、安徽、广东、广西、江苏和浙江等地区.研究结果有助于理解长株潭城市群大气污染的时空变化规律,同时为区域“联防联控”、建设“美丽中国”提供科学的辅助依据.     

南京市两次秋季污染过程及成因分析

为探究南京秋季污染过程的特征和影响因素,利用MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)传感器获得的气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth)、波长指数(Angstrom Exponent)、火点数据及CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar And Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)卫星数据和来自NECP、MICAPS的温度、相对湿度、风向风速等常规气象要素数据,对南京2015年10月、2016年9月两次污染过程进行分析.研究结果表明:两次污染过程的AE412-470值(埃斯特朗波长指数α)均高于1,由此判断两次污染均以人为排放产生的细粒子为主.但2015年10月的AE412-470值明显低于2016年9月,说明在2015年10月污染过程中粗粒子所占比重高于2016年9月.结合对后向轨迹的分析发现,南京地区2015年10月污染天气的发生还受长距离输送的影响,污染源主要为来自内蒙古、山西等地的污染型沙尘粒子.研究还发现,较高的相对湿度、较低的地表风速、低混合层高度及贴地逆温等气象条件会导致污染物难以扩散稀释而累积在南京地区,造成该区域在秋季出现较严重的污染天气.     

北京地区不同时段平均PM2.5浓度与MODIS气溶胶光学厚度相关性分析

利用2014年北京市12个空气质量监测站的逐小时PM_(2.5)地面观测资料,以及Terra和Aqua卫星的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品,在时间和空间数据匹配的基础上,研究了PM_(2.5)的5 h(10:00—14:00)和24 h(0:00—23:00)两种时段平均浓度及两颗卫星平均AOD的时空分布特征,并建立了AOD与不同时段平均PM_(2.5)浓度之间的回归模型.结果表明:PM_(2.5)的5 h平均浓度和24 h平均浓度值均在城区高、郊区低,最低值位于定陵站;匹配后逐时PM_(2.5)浓度的日变化呈"双峰型",最低值出现在下午,但北京西北部郊区的定陵和昌平镇站因局地山谷风环流和外部排放源的影响,其"双峰型"波动趋势较城区站偏弱,最低值出现在上午;AOD的空间分布特征与PM_(2.5)浓度分布一致,但在郊区由于污染水平分布不均,卫星采集的样本可能来自于周围的清洁大气,导致AOD的最小值在郊区站点明显低于城区站点;两颗卫星平均的AOD与5h PM_(2.5)平均浓度的决定系数高于AOD与24 h PM_(2.5)平均浓度的决定系数;AOD与PM_(2.5)的相关系数在城区高于郊区,郊区排放源分布不均和强的局地系统性环流是造成其相关系数低的重要原因.     

乌鲁木齐市MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与PM10浓度关系模型研究

为了建立乌鲁木齐市近地面PM10浓度监测的关系模型,利用乌鲁木齐市2013年3—11月、2014年3—11月MODIS AOD产品与同期地面观测的PM10质量浓度进行相关分析,结果表明二者直接相关程度较低(r=0.433,p0.01);然后以WRF模式模拟的大气边界层高度及地面观测的相对湿度数据对AOD进行垂直、湿度订正后,二者相关性得到较大程度提高(r=0.630,p0.01);按照季节分类统计和订正春、夏、秋季的相关系数r分别为0.779、0.393、0.523,均大于统计学上99%的置信度要求,其中春季的订正最为有效,可用性更高;最后,建立全年和各季AOD-PM10最优拟合模型并反演乌鲁木齐市地面PM10质量浓度,全年和三季的反演结果与实测数据的相关系数分别为0.757、0.748、0.652、0.715(p0.01);同时基于卫星遥感AOD反演得到的PM10质量浓度的空间分布与AOD呈现出整体的一致性,并且3个季节AOD平均值表现为:春季秋季夏季.证实了卫星遥感AOD经过垂直和湿度订正后,可以作为辅助监测乌鲁木齐市PM10地面浓度分布的一个有效手段.     

Experimental investigation of solar still with opaque north triangular face

Developing a compact, simple, and productive solar still is a main challenge. This paper describes a simple modification of the solar still that significantly enhances its productivity. A laboratory scale of modified single effect double slope glass solar still with the opaque triangular north wall has been developed and tested for enhancement of productivity in sunny days of the summer season in the month of April. The experiments on still have been carried out under three levels of water depths from 1 to 3 cm and compared it with the performance of conventional still of double slope single effect solar still of the same size. It is clear from the observations that opaque type still gave maximum distillate of 1793 ml at 1 cm depth of water while conventional still could produce only 1519 ml for the same depth of water. Also, for 2 and 3 cm depth of water, the opaque type still found to be more productive than conventional double slope solar still. As the former produced 1532 and 1464 ml while the latter produced 1328 and 1235 ml, for 2 and 3 cm depth of water, respectively.