杭州市河道底泥重金属污染评价与环保疏浚深度研究

重金属是河道底泥疏浚要控制的重要污染物,而疏浚深度是生态疏浚工程中需要确定的关键参数.本文以杭州经济技术开发区河道为研究对象,共采集18处底泥柱状样,采用土壤背景值、土壤环境质量二级标准值、变异系数和相关性分析方法对底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的污染状况进行了评价,同时分析重金属总量和有效态含量在垂向上的变化特征,并引入地累积指数法对各深度底泥中的重金属进行累积性评估,利用本文提出的临界累积深度方法来确定合理的环保疏浚深度.结果表明,河道表层底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的平均含量分别为165.16、342.40、55.34、3.61、34.06、36.70 mg·kg-1,Cd、Cu、As、Zn的有效态含量分别为0.007、3.37、0.095、20.76 mg·kg-1,重金属总量均超过了杭嘉湖平原土壤背景值,其中Cd污染最为严重.各重金属元素在底泥中的变异系数为0.29~2.39,空间分布并不均匀.重金属总量和有效态含量随底泥深度的增大整体呈下降趋势,但受不同时期人类活动污染及河道整治影响而呈不规则变化.各重金属元素的富集程度为CdAsZnPbNiCu,其中,Cd污染等级为2~6级,污染程度为中度污染至极强污染.利用临界累积深度方法推算得到研究区域河道底泥环保疏浚深度为0~0.9 m.     

北京市北神树生活垃圾填埋场产甲烷菌的群落结构和演替规律

产甲烷菌是填埋场稳定化的关键微生物.以北京市北神树垃圾填埋场为采样地,钻井采集了填埋深度6~36.1 m,填埋时间2~15 a的垃圾样品.采用PCR检验其中产甲烷菌的种类,并基于QPCR技术获得的数据,研究了各类产甲烷菌随时间和深度的数量变化,及其与垃圾化学性质之间的关系.发现堆体内有机质含量基本稳定,p H呈弱碱性,符合产甲烷阶段的化学特性.检测出两类乙酸营养型产甲烷菌(Methanosaeta和Methanosarcina),一类氢营养型产甲烷菌(Methanobacterials).随着填埋时间的延长,产甲烷菌呈现出先升高后下降的趋势,填埋9 a以上的垃圾中产甲烷菌群落结构趋于稳定.乙酸营养型的Methanosarcina为优势类群.三类产甲烷菌的含量与挥发性脂肪酸含量显著相关,与各类大分子有机质含量相关性很弱或不相关,表明产甲烷菌的数量受底物含量的影响,而在填埋2 a以上的垃圾中,大分子水解、发酵等作用对产甲烷菌影响微弱.     

Secchi Disc Relationships1

ABSTRACT: The problem of estimating bulk light extinction coefficients in surface water impoundments is examined. It is shown that the bulk extinction coefficient can be accurately estimated from the Secchi disc depth. In addition, the equation derived is significantly different from that derived by Poole and Atkins in 1929. This empirical expression for the extinction coefficient is then used to develop a semiempirical expression for the euphotic depth as a function of the Secchi disc depth.     

Design of unsurfaced roads constructed with large-size shredded rubber tires: a case study

Stockpiles of scrap tires are serious fire hazard, public health hazard, and an environmental burden. The construction of road embankments, using tire shreds as a lightweight fill, can consume large quantities of scrap tires and has certain engineering benefits. All the previous research focused on small size tire shreds (3–6 in. size) in terms of its use in civil engineering applications and determination of the engineering/environmental properties. This research specifically focuses on large size tire shreds (12 in. size) and its direct comparison with the other sizes of the tire shreds to develop mechanistic-empirical practical design model and so that the use of tire shreds in road bases could be used on regular basis with enhanced reliability instead of on an empirical basis. The research also examines the potential environmental implications of the use of shredded rubber tires and the comparison of the short-term results with other long-term monitoring studies.     

MODELING FLOOD DAMAGE: CASE OF TOKAI FLOOD 20001

ABSTRACT: In conventional flood damage reduction studies, flood damage is usually estimated with a damage function according to the depth of inundation. However, this method may not reflect the conditions of each family residing in the floodplain because it ignores not only the distribution of flood damage but also the effect of building characteristics and residents' preparedness. This paper uses data from a questionnaire based survey (N= 3,036) conducted 17 months after the Tokai Flood of 2000 that caused disastrous losses to household properties. It provides a conceptual “doughnut structure” model of flood damage to houses and house contents and a mathematical basis for models to explore the determinants of flood damage. Besides the inundation depth, house type significantly affects both the house structural and content damage probabilities, while house ownership and house structure affect house damage probability but not house content damage probability at a given depth. Inundation depth, residing period, and household income significantly affect both house and content damage values. In addition, house ownership has a significant impact on the house damage value, while house structure has an impact on content damage value.     

聚四氟乙烯覆膜滤料的特性与应用

介绍了覆膜滤料的特性与应用,覆膜滤料与传统滤料相比较所具有的优点.提出在许多复杂的烟气治理中应大力推广使用覆膜滤料以满足生产要求和达到日益严格的环保排放标准,从而改善环境质量,节能降耗.     

氧化塘中溶解氧浓度与光照强度关系的试验研究

通过室内实验,主要研究了氧化塘中不同表面照度下光照强度沿深度的分布,溶解氧浓度沿深度的分布,以及光照强度与溶解氧浓度的相互关系,并且对试验柱中藻类密度和溶解氧浓度的分布曲线进行了分析,目的是为氧化塘室内模型试验的照度选择和池深设计提供科学依据。      

湛江某海上风电桩基局部冲刷特征研究

海上风电场桩基局部冲刷是工程设计与运行阶段的重要参数之一。基于湛江某海上风电场桩基3次现场局部冲刷实测数据,进行冲刷坑最大深度、冲刷坑半径和冲淤变化特征的分析与研究;根据桩基局部冲刷经验公式,采用工程海域实测海洋水文动力学数据进行最大冲刷深度与冲刷半径的计算,并进行公式计算值的对比与分 析。结果表明:桩基础在防冲刷设施的保护下,3次实测最大冲刷深度基本稳定为4.0 m,最大冲刷深度与桩径之比为0.57。而经验公式的最大冲刷深度与桩径之比均超过了1.1,说明桩基防冲刷设施取得了一定的效果,冲刷坑半径的计算值与现场实测值吻合较好。建议海上风电场在运行阶段进一步加强桩基冲刷坑监测与防护。     

A spatially explicit empirical model of structural development processes in natural forests based on climate and topography

Stand structure develops with stand age. Old-growth forests with well-developed stand structure support many species. However, development rates of stand structure likely vary with climate and topography. We modeled structural development of 4 key stand variables and a composite old-growth index as functions of climatic and topographic covariates. We used a hierarchical Bayesian method for analysis of extensive snap-shot National Forest Inventory (NFI) data in Japan (n = 9244) to account for differences in stand age. Development rates of structural variables and the old-growth index exhibited curvilinear responses to environmental covariates. Flat sites were characterized by high rates of structural development. Approximately 150 years were generally required to attain high values (approximately 0.8) of the old-growth index. However, the predicted age to achieve specific values varied depending on environmental conditions. Spatial predictions highlighted regional variation in potential structural development rates. For example, sometimes there were differences of >100 years among sites, even in the same catchment, in attainment of a medium index value (0.5) after timber harvesting. The NFI data suggested that natural forests, especially old natural forests (>150 years), remain generally on unproductive ridges, steep slopes, or areas with low temperature and deep snow, where many structural variables show slow development rates. We suggest that maintenance and restoration of old natural forests on flat sites should be prioritized for conservation due to the likely rapid development of stand structure, although remaining natural forests on low-productivity sites are still important and should be protected.     

除冰盐环境下混凝土冻融损伤深度的试验研究

文章对除冰盐环境下混凝土的冻融损伤进行了试验研究,通过对比混凝土外观变化规律、超声设备检测结果以及混凝土触水面渗透情况来获得不同冻融循环次数下混凝土的损伤深度情况。研究结果表明,当经历20次冻融循环后,混凝土冻融损伤开始向混凝土内部扩展。当经历30次冻融循环后,混凝土冻融损伤深度向下快速发展。当经历70次冻融循环后,混凝土冻融损伤向下发展变慢。这是由于前期冻融循环造成混凝土试件顶部产生大量微裂缝足以排出由于结冰产生的开裂应力,从而减弱冻融损伤向下发展的趋势。而在实际混凝土桥梁表面由于磨损存在,冻融损伤会不断向内扩展,值得桥梁管理人员注意。另外,在90次冻融循环后,最大渗透深度达到25mm,即细观裂缝已经接近普通钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋的位置,容易引发钢筋锈蚀问题。本试验研究结果可以为北方寒冷地区混凝土桥梁的抗锈蚀设计提供依据。