二次颗粒物源成分谱的建立在尘源解析中的作用

通过CMB模型计算各类尘源对TSP、PM10的影响时发现,二次颗粒物对尘源解析起到了不容忽视的作用,因此就二次颗粒物源成分谱进行了专门解析研究,并把二次颗粒物解析也纳入到模型中来,从而完善了源解析结果。     

南黄海鳀鱼产卵场大型底栖生物次级生产力研究

根据2001至2003年南黄海鳀鱼产卵期在鳀鱼产卵场33个站考察采集的大型底栖生物定量样品资料,利用Brey's(1990)的经验公式对调查海区进行了大型底栖生物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.结果表明,该海域大型底栖生物平均栖息密度为194.3 ind.m-2,平均生物量以去灰干重计,为4.08 g m-2,平均次级生产力以去灰干重计,为4.09 g m-2a-1.研究表明,生物量和次级生产力受水深的影响.平均P/B值在研究海域为1.32a-1.对研究结果与整个南黄海、渤海和东海的结果进行了比较与讨论,证明生产力随水深的加大而降低,P/B值随水温升高而升高.图2表1参25     

华南地区薇甘菊叶片挥发性有机化合物的空间差异研究

外来入侵植物薇甘菊对华南地区的生态环境造成严重危害,为探讨薇甘菊叶片挥发性有机化合物在华南地区的空间差异,运用GC-MS分析了华南地区23个不同地理种群230个薇甘菊植株叶片挥发性有机化合物的组分,并用峰面积归一化法计算各组分相对含量;利用线性混合模型分析不同地理种群的气候环境因素对薇甘菊叶片挥发性有机化合物含量的影响;采用聚类分析和主成分分析23个不同地理种群薇甘菊叶片挥发性有机化合物组分的特征。结果表明:利用GC-MS从薇甘菊叶片中鉴定了42种挥发性有机化合物,其主要成分为β-荜澄茄油烯(24.63%)、β-石竹烯(16.81%)、大香叶烯D(10.47%)、α-古芸烯(9.95%)和α-姜烯(9.77%);线性混合模型分析结果显示经度、纬度、海拔高度和温度可显著影响薇甘菊叶片中5种主要挥发性有机化合物的含量;聚类分析和主成分分析表明薇甘菊叶片挥发性有机化合物组分表现出较强的地域特征。研究结果可为阐明薇甘菊的入侵机制及防控措施的制定提供理论与实践参考。     

Formation of Nitrate and Sulfate in the Plume of Berlin (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), i.e. particulate sulphate (S(VI)), ammonium and nitrate (N(V)) is formed from gaseous precursors i.e., sulfur dioxide (S(IV)), ammonia and nitrogen oxides, in polluted air on the time-scale of hours to days. Besides particulate ammonium and nitrate, the respective gaseous species ammonia and nitric acid can be formed, too. SIA contributes significantly to elevated levels of respirable particulate matter in urban areas and in strongly anthropogenically influenced air in general. Methods The near-ground aerosol chemical composition was studied at two stationary sites in the vicinity of Berlin during a field campaign in summer 1998. By means of analysis of the wind field, two episodes were identified which allow to study changes within individual air masses during transport i.e., a Lagrangian type of experiment, with one station being upwind and the other downwind of the city. By reference to a passive tracer (Na+) and estimates on dry depositional losses, the influences of dispersion and mixing on concentration changes can be eliminated from the data analysis. Results and Discussion Chemical changes in N(-III), N(V) and S(VI) species were observed. SIA i.e., N(V) and S(VI), was formed from emissions in the city within a few hours. The significance of emissions in the city was furthermore confirmed by missing SIA formation in the case of transport around the city. For the two episodes, SIA formation rates could be derived, albeit not more precise than by an order of magnitude. N(V) formation rates were between 1.4 and 20 and between 1.9 and 59 % h-1 on the two days, respectively, and S(VI) formation rates were > 17 and > 10 % h-1. The area south of the city was identified as a source of ammonia. Conclusion The probability of occurrence of situations during which the downwind site (50 km downwind of Berlin) would be hit by an urban plume is > 7.4%. Furthermore, for the general case of rural areas in Germany it is estimated that for more than half of these there is a significant probability to be hit by an urban plume (> 8%). The S(VI) formation rates are higher than explainable by homogeneous gas-phase chemistry and suggest the involvement of heterogeneous reactions of aerosol particles. Recommendation and Outlook The possible contribution of heterogeneous processes to S(VI) formation should be addressed in laboratory studies. Measurements at more than two sites could improve the potential of Lagrangian field experiments for the quantification of atmospheric chemical transformations, if a second downwind site is chosen in such a way that, at least under particular stability conditions, measurements there are representative for the source area.     

运用CFD技术进行二段往复炉排焚烧炉二次风口的辅助设计

二次风口的合理布设是实现炉膛内气体混合均匀、反应完全的有效措施之一，运用CFD技术进行二段往复炉排焚烧炉二次风口的辅助设计，借助PHOENICS软件模拟二次风口对炉内流场的影响。通过模拟发现，二次风口的布设可明显提高烟气的湍流程度．前后墙各设一排直径为0．04m的二次风口可以实现最佳的炉膛流场工况。     

硬硅钙石二次粒子对含铅废水处理效果的影响研究

对硬硅钙石间歇培养颗粒污泥处理含铅废水进行了实验研究,通过单因素分析说明Pb2 、二次粒子投加量及颗粒污泥量三者间相互作用的最佳运行参数,结果表明,营养液为100 mL的条件下,污泥量为120 mL、铅浓度为60 mg/L、硬硅钙石投加量为4 g的条件下可保持颗粒污泥的活性,铅的去除率较高,为连续运行的反应器(容积负荷为18 g COD/L·d)提供了工艺条件.     

城市生活垃圾处置过程中环境污染防治

对我国城市生活垃圾处置技术发展现状进行了综述，着重阐述了垃圾处置过程中存在的废塑料、废电池、焚烧炉烟气等二次污染问题，指出应高度重视垃圾处置过程中环境污染防治问题。     

扁刺栲-华木荷群系次生林林下物种多样性分析

对四川中亚热带扁刺栲(Castanopsis platyacantha)—华木荷(Schima sinensis)群系人工杉木林、水杉林、日本落叶松林和天然次生林林下植物进行了群落调查和物种多样性分析。结果表明：(1)杉木林、水杉林、日本落叶松林和次生扁刺栲—华木荷林(20a)的物种丰富度分别为62，59，53和32；Simpson多样性指数分别为7．95，7．08，9．24和5．38；Shannon—Wiener多样性指数分别为3．67，3．3l，3．64和2．46。(2)人工林林下植物群落之间的群落系数和相似度系数分别为0．45～0．60和0．62～0．82；人工林林下植物群落与次生阔叶林林下植物群落之间的群落系数和相似度系数分别为0．19～0．53和0．55～0．77。(3)人工林林下物种多样性比次生林高的主要原因可能是风倒木和站干死木导致人工林乔木层郁闭度减小，增加了林下的光照，从而改蛮了林下的微生境。表6参19。     

植物次生代谢:功能、调控及其基因工程

植物次生代谢物具有多种重要的生物学功能 ,在工农业生产和人们日常生活中具有广阔的应用前景 .随着可持续农业的发展 ,植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能及其对农产品品质的影响倍受关注 .植物次生代谢调控的生物化学、分子生物学和基因工程已成了当今国际生物界十分活跃的前沿研究领域 .本文仅就植物次生代谢物功能、代谢调控及基因工程研究进行简要的概述 .1　植物次生代谢物的功能1.1　植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能植物次生代谢物按其合成方式可分为组成型和诱导型两种类型 ,它们在植物与植物、植物与微生物及植物与昆虫之间的关系中行…     

高强度连作下露天菜地土壤次生盐渍化及其影响因素研究

采集佛山市南海区露天菜地表层土壤,测定其硝酸盐含量和全盐量,分析珠江三角洲典型区域蔬菜地土壤次生盐渍化的发生现状和原因,为制定合理的施肥和管理措施提供科学依据。结果表明,1)136个土壤样本硝态氮质量分数在1.070～854.4mg/kg,平均值为194.3mg/kg,有19.9%的土壤样本硝态氮质量分数超过300mg/kg,已达到极高水平;全盐质量分数在0.02～2.7g/kg,平均值为1.2g/kg,有12.5%的土壤样本全盐质量分数已超过2.0g/kg的轻度盐化标准。2)土壤硝态氮质量分数与全盐质量分数之间具有一定的相关性,经统计检验相关系数达极显著水准(r=0.5665,n=131,P<0.01)。3)高强度连作露天菜地土壤的硝态氮质量分数和可溶性盐分浓度已经接近多年塑料大棚水平。4)综合而言,导致土壤次生盐渍化的原因有气候条件、土壤质地、地下水位、灌溉方式、不合理施肥等,而过量施肥及高强度连作可能是引起南海区露天菜地土壤次生盐渍化的主要因素。