河南省气溶胶光学特性的时空变化特征

利用2001～2018年的Terra MODIS C6.1气溶胶产品对河南省大气气溶胶光学特性进行研究,分析气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、气溶胶垂直柱质量浓度(AMC)和细粒子比(FMF)的时空分布特征,并针对代表性区域研究了气溶胶光学参数的时间变化特征.结果表明,河南省年均AOD和AMC及其在各个季节的空间分布均为东高西低、北高南低,与河南省特殊地势、人口分布及各地区企业数量有关,而FMF的空间分布与AOD和AMC分布相反.春季AMC值最高,而FMF值最低,表明春季主要是受到沙尘气溶胶的影响.夏季AOD和FMF值最高,而AMC值较低,主要是夏季气溶胶吸湿增长作用增强导致AOD高值出现,雨水冲刷与二次气溶胶生成量增加使夏季以细模态气溶胶为主.秋、冬季河南省AOD和AMC值相对较低,FMF值略高于春季.河南省AOD和AMC呈现逐年下降趋势;而FMF呈现上升趋势,而且2011年之后AOD、AMC和FMF的月平均峰谷差值均有所减少.     

大气气溶胶多层结构的激光雷达探测

目的探测大气气溶胶的垂直分布,表征气溶胶的垂直结构和各层气溶胶的性质。方法使用金华站点激光雷达观测数据进行个例分析,用梯度法对边界层进行反演,利用退偏振比、颜色比和光学厚度对大气中不同高度的气溶胶层进行分析。结果大气垂直结构会出现多层不同性质的气溶胶层,激光雷达可以准确地探测气溶胶随时间变化的垂直结构特征。选取0点至8点进行分析表明,在1.5km高度上下出现两层气溶胶层,上下两层气溶胶层呈现出不同的性质,且其性质会随时间变化而改变。结论大气边界层以外气溶胶分布较为复杂,利用激光雷达探测的气溶胶消光系数、退偏振比、颜色比和光学厚度等参数能够较好地表征气溶胶的垂直结构和各层气溶胶的性质。     

徐州市气溶胶光学厚度与PM2.5相关性及年周期特征

基于徐州市2014～2017年气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、地面监测站PM_(2.5)浓度及气象数据,构建经标高订正的AOD(AOD/H)与经湿度订正的PM_(2.5)(PM_(2.5)×f_((RH)))之间的5种不同类型的拟合模型,分析两者在不同季节的相关性;同时利用经验模态分解对AOD/H与PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))进行周期变化分析。结果表明:AOD与PM_(2.5)浓度直接相关程度较低,经过订正后两者的相关程度显著提高;选取乘幂模型为最优拟合模型,利用乘幂模型估计得到的PM_(2.5)浓度与地面监测的经湿度订正的PM_(2.5)浓度呈显著正相关,相关系数在四季分别达到0.752、0.650、0.808和0.942;利用经验模态分解分析得到AOD/H与PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))具有显著的年周期变化特征,均在冬季出现高值,后逐渐降低,在6月前后出现极小值,到秋季又逐渐增大;AOD/H与PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))年变化特征表现出很高的一致性(r=0.888),表明在徐州地区AOD/H对PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))在年周期尺度变化特征研究中能起到良好的指示作用。     

SO2-NO2-NH3-H2O四元反应体系中气溶胶的生成特性

通过烟雾箱实验,研究了SO₂-NO₂-NH₃-H₂O四元反应体系在气-粒转化过程中新形成颗粒物数浓度与粒径分布的变化.研究发现,SO₂-NO₂-NH₃-H₂O四元反应体系具有显著的成核能力,且其成核强度大,持续时间短.当SO₂、NO₂浓度为200mg/m³,NH₃浓度为12x10^-6时,反应体系的气溶胶总个数浓度在2min时达到峰值2.5x10⁶cm^-3.缺少任一种气体均会使气溶胶成核强度下降.SO₂、NO₂及NH₃浓度分别为0的工况下气溶胶总个数浓度峰值分别下降了41.0%、83.6%及98.5%.在电厂污染气体排放浓度区间内,NO₂对气溶胶生成影响大于SO₂.燃煤电厂控制NO_x排放浓度对改善烟囱出口气溶胶数浓度更有效.在实验基础上,对颗粒物成核特性进行拟合,反应体系在气-粒转化过程中产生的新颗粒物总个数浓度及中值粒径与气态前体物浓度线性相关;采用布朗团聚模型对气溶胶成核后的团聚过程总个数浓度及粒径变化进行模拟计算,根据给定的燃煤电厂SO₂、NO₂、NH₃排放浓度,给出预测气溶胶颗粒成核速率、粒径分布及总个数浓度变化的方法.     

基于GIS的地震次生灾害数值模拟

破坏性地震伴随发生的火灾、毒气泄漏与扩散、爆炸等次生灾害所造成的损失不容忽视。综述了在GIS(地理信息系统)支持下利用相应的数学模型,对几种典型的地震次生灾害进行的数值模拟的研究成果。该方面的研究对防灾和地震应急都有重要的意义。     

一次对流过程对气溶胶清除和再生过程的影响

利用中尺度天气预报和研究模式(WRF)对2007年4月23～24日广东省发生的一次飑线过程进行了模拟,研究了水凝物粒子对气溶胶的清除过程、液滴蒸发引起的气溶胶再生过程以及动力输送作用对气溶胶数浓度的影响.结果表明,降水与近地层气溶胶数浓度的变化呈负相关关系.综合对比各水凝物种类的碰撞清除率和核化清除率,发现云滴核化过程...     

Source apportionment of fine carbonaceous particles by positive matrix factorization at Gosan background site in East Asia

Fine particle (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm) samples were collected during six intensive measurement periods from November 2001 to August 2003 at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, which is one of the representative background sites in East Asia. Chemical composition of these aerosol samples including major ion components, trace elements, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed to study the impact of long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosol. Aerosol chemical composition data were then analyzed using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) technique in order to identify the possible sources and estimate their contribution to particulate matter mass. Fourteen sources were then resolved including soil dust, fresh sea salt, transformed natural source, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, secondary organic carbon, diesel vehicle, gasoline vehicle, fuel oil combustion, biomass burning, coal combustion, municipal incineration, metallurgical emission source, and volcanic emission. The PMF analysis results of source contributions showed that the natural sources including soil dust, fresh and aged sea salt, and volcanic emission contributed to about 20% of the measured PM(2.5) mass. Other primary anthropogenic sources such as diesel and gasoline vehicle, coal and fuel oil combustion, biomass burning, municipal incineration, metallurgical source contributed about 34% of PM(2.5) mass. Especially, the secondary aerosol mainly involved with sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and organic carbon contributed to about 39% of the PM(2.5) mass.     

实验室模拟研究硫酸铵和甘氨酸对乙醇醛与胺反应体系生成棕碳的影响

二次有机气溶胶是有机气溶胶的重要组成部分。大气中羰基化合物与胺/铵反应可以产生吸光性有机气溶胶（如棕碳）,对大气辐射和全球气候产生深刻影响。本文模拟研究了大气中硫酸铵和甘氨酸对乙醇醛与胺（如甲胺、甘氨酸）反应生成棕碳的影响。通过对反应溶液紫外—可见吸收光谱和反应动力学分析,发现硫酸铵对反应体系棕碳的生成起抑制作用,而甘氨酸和甲胺的混合可以协同促进棕碳生成;通过对产物进行质谱分析,发现反应机理主要为半缩醛/缩醛反应以及含氮化合物的亲核加成;通过对产物有机碳进行分析,发现当硫酸铵参与反应时,有利于大分子二次有机碳生成。这些发现对棕碳在大气中的形成途径、乙醇醛在化学模型中对棕碳形成的贡献以及对大气中其他羰基行为的预测具有重要意义。     

Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations

The gaseous or particulate forms of divalent mercury (Hg^II) significantly impact the spatial distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration and deposition flux (FLX). In the new nested-grid GEOS-Chem model, we try to modify the Hg^II gas-particle partitioning relationship with synchronous and hourly observations at four sites in China. Observations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and PM_2.5 were used to derive an empirical gas-particle partitioning coefficient as a function of temperature (T) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations under different relative humidity (RH). Results showed that with increasing RH, the dominant process of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from physical adsorption to chemical desorption. And the dominant factor of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from T to OA concentrations. We thus improved the simulated OA concentration field by introducing intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emission inventory into the model framework and refining the volatile distributions of I/SVOCs according to new filed tests in the recent literatures. Finally, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of monthly gaseous element mercury (GEM), GOM, PBM, WFLX were reduced from −33%–29%, 95%–300%, 64%–261%, 117%–122% to −13%–0%, −20%–80%, −31%–50%, −17%–23%. The improved model explains 69%–98% of the observed atmospheric Hg decrease during 2013–2020 and can serve as a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.     

APS-SMPS-WPS对南京夏季气溶胶数浓度的对比观测

为了对比3321型空气动力学粒径谱仪(APS)、3081/3085型气溶胶粒径谱仪(SMPS)和宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)对气溶胶数浓度的观测性能,于2010年夏季在南京信息工程大学校内使用上述三台仪器进行了同步观测.将得到的数据进行对比,并结合校内自动气象站的气象资料对0.01~10μm气溶胶粒子的数浓度、日变化规律及谱分布特征进行分析.结果表明,3台仪器在总体数浓度变化趋势上表现出较好的一致性,但相同粒径段的粒子浓度NSMPS>NWPS>NAPS.SMPS比WPS尺度分辨率高,粒径范围在0.02~0.2μm时,SMPS与WPS相关性较好;APS测量气溶胶数浓度谱的连续性较WPS好.3种仪器在观测日变化趋势上都表现出双峰型,但SMPS的峰值浓度和出现峰值的粒径范围均高于或大于WPS.各类气象条件及降水对仪器间的测量误差影响不大.