青岛大气总悬浮颗粒物中微量元素的含量特征及其来源解析

利用2012年12月在青岛连续采集的31个总悬浮颗粒物样品(TSP),分析了其中13种微量元素的浓度,讨论了微量元素的浓度特征,并运用正矩阵因子分析法(PMF)定量解析了气溶胶中元素的来源.结果表明,青岛气溶胶中微量元素的总浓度为(7.37±4.19)μg·m-3,以Al和Fe的浓度最高,对总浓度的贡献约为92%,其次为Zn和Pb,分别贡献了3.7%和1.6%,Mn、Ba、Cu、Sr、As、V、Cd、Co和Cs的浓度依次降低,其贡献均低于1%.依据富集因子这些微量元素可以分为3类,Al、Fe、Mn、Co、V、Sr和Ba主要来自地壳源的贡献,Cs和Cu受地壳源和人为源的共同影响,Zn、As、Pb和Cd则主要受人为源的影响.雾霾天时主要来自人为源的元素相比地壳源的元素更多的在大气中累积,雨雪天时降雨/雪对地壳元素的湿清除作用明显高于人为源的元素.12月青岛气溶胶中Fe和Mn主要来自土壤源的贡献,其次为生物质燃烧和机动车一次排放源;Co主要来自土壤源、生物质燃烧和燃煤源的贡献;Zn主要来自机动车一次排放源、土壤源和生物质燃烧源的贡献;Cu则主要来自冶金工业源的贡献;As主要来自燃煤源的贡献;Pb和Cd主要来自机动车一次排放源和冶金工业源的贡献.     

MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度产品检验及其环境空气质量指示

分析了MODIS C006 3 km卫星遥感气溶胶产品的算法流程,并与AERONET观测数据进行对比验证,综合新疆阿克苏地区地面空气子站1年的颗粒物质量浓度(PM10)、环境气象资料(能见度、湿度等),评估了该高分辨率气溶胶产品的精度和稳定性.分析表明,MODIS 3 km AOD与AERONET地基AOD(Issyk-Kul)的相关系数(r)达到0.8836,满足期望误差要求,但存在高估;研究区AOD和PM10存在同步变化趋势,新疆阿克苏市区2个空气子站PM10质量浓度与AOD的相关系数(r)均大于0.55,直接对比的相关性好于类似研究;经高度订正和湿度订正后AOD-PM10的相关系数和拟合优度均有所提高,标准误差和变异系数均下降,但提升并不明显.这一相关性结果与研究区本底气象环境条件有关.MODIS 3 km AOD的季平均结果表明,阿克苏地区AOD存在显著的季节性变化,春季明显高于其他季节,主要城市春季平均AOD在1.5以上,夏季和秋季AOD均值基本介于0.6~0.7之间,阿克苏市主城区夏秋季AOD季均值仍在1.0以上,反映人口集聚、城市交通工业发展等大气人为污染的增加导致AOD的增高.结果表明,MODIS C006 3 km AOD产品质量稳定,其月、季平均等长时间尺度结果有更好的空间覆盖,可满足区域环境空气质量评估的需要.     

资源三号卫星多光谱数据自动反演香港地区气溶胶光学厚度

利用ZY-3卫星数据高分辨率的特点,提出了一种基于图像自身的阴坡植被暗像元气溶胶光学厚度自动反演算法.首先,分区优选阴坡植被暗像元,基于程辐射信息估算红、蓝波段的气溶胶散射相函数、散射比.其次,在Gilabert算法基础上,增加地表漫反射项的考虑,利用简化的辐射传输方程直接解算阴坡植被及浓密植被暗像元气溶胶光学厚度.最后采用克里金插值,将多个暗像元气溶胶光学厚度推算到整景图像的分布,进而进行大气纠正.结果表明,香港地区ZY-3数据AOD反演结果与MODIS气溶胶C051产品趋势一致,ZY-3数据AOD结果在揭示繁华都市区内部的AOD差异,以及识别城市内部污染源方面更具优势.ZY-3数据大气纠正后,图像清晰度、对比度增强,统计结果显示水体及浓密植被的光谱特征与先验知识相符.     

Sources and characteristics of fine particles over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea using online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Marine aerosols over the East China Seas are heavily polluted by continental sources. During the Chinese Comprehensive Ocean Experiment in November 2012, size and mass spectra of individual atmospheric particles in the size range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm weremeasured onboardby a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). The average hourly particle number (PN) was around 4560 ± 3240 in the South Yellow Sea (SYS), 2900 ± 3970 in the North Yellow Sea (NYS), and 1700 ± 2220 in the Bohai Sea (BS). PN in NYS and BS varied greatly over 3 orders of magnitude, while that in SYS varied slightly. The size distributions were fitted with two log-normal modes. Accumulation mode dominated in NYS and BS, especially during episodic periods. Coarse mode particles played an important role in SYS. Particles were classified using an adaptive resonance theory based neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Six particle types were identified with secondary-containing, aged sea-salt, soot-like, biomass burning, fresh sea-salt, and lead-containing particles accounting for 32%, 21%, 18%, 16%, 4%, and 3% of total PN, respectively. Aerosols in BS were relatively enriched in particles from anthropogenic sources compared to SYS, probably due to emissions from more developed upwind regions and indicating stronger influence of continental outflowonmarine environment. Variation of source types dependedmainly on origins of transported air masses. This study examined rapid changes in PN, size distribution and source types of fine particles in marine atmospheres. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-time-resolution source apportionment by ART-2a.     

广州亚运期间鹤山大气颗粒物及碳组分的分析

2010年11月广州亚运会期间,在鹤山连续测量了PM10、PM2.5及PM2.5中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的质量浓度,结合气象数据综合分析了该地区上述各种污染物的污染特征。研究结果表明:鹤山大气颗粒物以PM2.5为主,PM10和PM2.5具有较好的相关性(R2=0.72),其中PM2.5污染较严重;与国内外其他城市相比,鹤山OC、EC质量浓度处于中等偏高水平;OC和EC质量浓度的相关性较差(相关系数R2=0.32),OC/EC质量浓度比值远大于2,说明鹤山大气OC、EC来源较复杂,同时存在严重的二次污染;估算的二次有机碳(SOC)占OC总质量的66.5%。各种气象因素中,风速对污染物的质量浓度影响最大,秸秆燃烧等人类活动对其也有显著影响。     

冬季中国东海大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的组成与来源分析

运用离子色谱对2009年冬季中国东海大气气溶胶中水溶性离子Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、CH3SO3-（MSA）、Na＋、K＋、NH 4＋、Mg2＋、Ca2＋进行了测定,同时由SPSS（statistical package for social sciences）软件进行相关性分析探讨其来源.分析结果表明,气溶胶中二...     

Validation of MODIS aerosol retrievals and evaluation of potential cloud contamination in East Asia

MODIS aerosol retrievals onboard Terra/Aqua and ground truth data obtained from AERONET(Aerosol Robtic Network) solar direct radiance measurements are collocated to evaluate the quality of the former in East Asia. AERONET stations in East Asia are separated into two groups according to their locations and the preliminary validation results for each station. The validation results showed that the accuracy of MODIS aerosol retrievals in East Asia is a little worse than that obtained in other regions such as Eastern U.S., Western Europe, Brazil and so on. The primary reason is due to the improper aerosol model used in MODIS aerosol retrieval algorithm, so it is of significance to characterize aerosol properties properly according to long term ground-based remote sensing or other relevant in situ observations in order to improve MODIS retrievals in East Asia. Cloud contamination is proved to be one of large errors, which is demonstrated by the significant relation between MODIS aerosol retrievals versus cloud fraction, as well as notable improvement of linear relation between satellite and ground aerosol data after potential cloud contamination screened. Hence, it is suggested that more stringent clear sky condition be set in use of MODIS aerosol data. It should be pointed out that the improvement might be offset by other error sources in some cases because of complex relation between different errors. Large seasonal variation of surface reflection and uncertainties associated with it result in large intercepts and random error in MODIS aerosol retrievals in northern inland of East Asia. It remains to be a big problem to retrieve aerosols accurately in inland characterized by relatively larger surface reflection than the requirement in MODIS aerosol retrieval algorithm.     

Automatic and continuous measurement of aerosol properties in Dunhuang, China

Ground-based simultaneous observations of sun direct and scattering radiation were carded out in Dunhuang for nearly 2 years.Aerosol optical depth, Angstrom wavelength exponent and size distribution were obtained from solar extinction and sky radiation. Water vapor content was obtained from sun direct radiation measurement at 940 nm. Relationship between aerosol properties and water vapor was discussed. Results showed that distinct seasonality of aerosol optical depth and Angstrom wavelength exponent was corresponding to seasonal variation of dust activity. Aerosol relative size distribution kept stable and volume concentration change was the reason resulting in variation of aerosol optical depth. Water vapor had minor effects on aerosol optical and physical properties.     

Removal of virus aerosols by the combination of filtration and UV-C irradiation

● The removal of virus aerosols by filtration and UV-C irradiation was proposed. ● The filtration efficiency for virus aerosols was affected by the filtration rate. ● The inactivation rate by UV-C was not linear with irradiation intensity or time. ● The virus trapped by filter material had a shielding effect on UV-C irradiation. The COVID-19 pandemic remains ever prevalent and afflicting—partially because one of its transmission pathways is aerosol. With the widely used central air conditioning systems worldwide, indoor virus aerosols can rapidly migrate, thus resulting in rapid infection transmission. It is therefore important to install microbial aerosol treatment units in the air conditioning systems, and we herein investigated the possibility of combining such filtration with UV irradiation to address virus aerosols. Results showed that the removal efficiency of filtration towards f2 and MS2 phages depended on the type of commercial filter material and the filtration speed, with an optimal velocity of 5 cm/s for virus removal. Additionally, it was found that UV irradiation had a significant effect on inactivating viruses enriched on the surfaces of filter materials; MS2 phages had greater resistance to UV-C irradiation than f2 phages. The optimal inactivation time for UV-C irradiation was 30 min, with higher irradiation times presenting no substantial increase in inactivation rate. Moreover, excessive virus enrichment on the filters decreased the inactivation effect. Timely inactivation is therefore recommended. In general, the combined system involving filtration with UV-C irradiation demonstrated a significant removal effect on virus aerosols. Moreover, the system is simple and economical, making it convenient for widespread implementation in air-conditioning systems.     

兰州市室外大气细菌气溶胶浓度及粒径分布特征

在兰州市不同室外环境区域布设4个采样点,使用PSW-6型安德森（Andersen）6级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器采集大气细菌气溶胶,分析其浓度和粒径日变化特征。结果表明,不同季节各采样点的大气细菌气溶胶浓度上午时段为88 CFU/m3～1 335 CFU/m3,下午时段为78 CFU/m3～865 CFU/m3。除了夏季兴隆山上午时段外,其余不同季节各采样点上、下午时段的大气细菌气溶胶粒径均主要分布于Ⅰ级—Ⅳ级（＞2.10μm）,占比为 70.54%～93.94%;Ⅴ级（1.10 μm～2.10μm）和Ⅵ级（0.65 μm～1.10 μm）大气细菌粒子占比较低,仅为6.06%～29.46%。