TOF–SIMS surface analysis of chemical components of size–fractioned urban aerosols in a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing

Size–fractioned atmospheric aerosol particles were collected during a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing. The organic and inorganic components on the surfaces of the samples were analyzed using time–of–flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF–SIMS).The variation characteristics of the surface chemical composition and influencing factors were studied, and the possible sources of these chemical compositions were identified through principal component analysis. The results showed that inorganic components such as crustal elements and sulfate, and organic components such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygen–containing organic groups were present. Some surface components, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and fluorides may exert adverse effects on human health. The species and relative percentages of the chemical components varied with particle size, diurnal and pollution progress. During a heavy pollution event, the species and relative percentages of secondary components such as oxygen–containing organic groups and sulfurous compounds increased, indicating that particles aged during this event. The surface chemical composition of the aerosol particles was affected mainly by emissions from coal combustion and motor vehicles. In addition, air pollution, meteorological factors, and air mass transport also exerted a significant effect on the surface chemical composition of aerosol particles.     

Monitoring The Dynamics Of Coastal Vegetation In Southwestern Taiwan

This study analyzes the results of the first 5 years of long-term environmental monitoring of the dynamics of coastal vegetation communities in southwestern Taiwan. Seven permanent plots were established in major vegetation communities, including grassland, windbreak forest, and secondary succession forest. Results showed that species richness decreased yearly in grasslands but fluctuated moderately in the forest plots. A Jaccard similarity coefficient was used to evaluate the similarities of species composition between different monitoring years. Species composition changed rapidly in grassland sites, with the similarity coefficient dropping from 82 to 29% in 5 years. The similarity coefficient of vegetation in the compositehardwood forest dropped from 80 to 50%, indicating that at least half the species were the same as those in the beginning and that the composition of forest communities was more stable than that of grassland communities. Dominant species in the forest community changed gradually during the monitoring period. The original planting of Casuarina equisetifolia in windbreak forests decreased year by year in most of the plots, while Cerbera manghas and Ficus microcarpa became the dominant species. The trend of replacement of dominant species indicates that most of the vegetation communities are still in successional stages.     

Biological Indicators of Marine Environmental Health: Meiofauna – A Neglected Benthic Component?

This paper considers the use of meiofauna (benthic metazoa 45 to 500 m in size) as biological indicators for monitoring marine environmental health. To date, this abundant and ubiquitous group of invertebrates has been largely neglected in applied sampling programmes; instead, emphasis has been placed upon more conspicuous biological components such as seagrass, macrofauna and epiphytes. In an attempt to redress this balance, this paper sets out three objectives: (1) to explain the reasons for selecting biological response indicators from across the whole spectrum of phylogenetic organisation, (2) to summarise those aspects of meiofaunal life-history and demography that render this group suitable for monitoring anthropogenic pollution and disturbance, (3) to suggest how to optimise the inclusion of meiofauna in monitoring programmes so that they provide maximum information for management purposes. To achieve these objectives the environmental impact assessment framework of Ward and Jacoby (1992) is adopted as a matrix into which the relevant components of meiofaunal ecology are fitted. Using this matrix, meiofauna are shown to have advantages that include their sessile habit, high species diversity, short generation time, direct benthic development and ubiquitous distribution. Disadvantages include their small size, high level of spatial and temporal variability, the potential cost of sample processing and the limited taxonomic literature accessible to non-specialist workers. The paper concludes with a discussion of sampling strategies and methods of analysis that may be used to efficiently incorporate meiofauna as biological response indices into environmental monitoring. Emphasis is placed on cost-effective techniques such as taxonomic minimalism.     

Relationships of Human Disturbance, Bird Communities, and Plant Communities Along the Land-Water Interface of a Large Reservoir

We examined the relationships of humanactivity, bird communities, and plant communities along theland-water interface of Lake Texoma, a large human-madereservoir on the Texas-Oklahoma border. Measurements ofhuman activity, plant surveys, and bird surveys wereperformed at 40 paired transects, one with humandisturbance, the other undisturbed. Both principalcomponents and correspondence analyses of bird-survey dataseparated disturbed sites from paired undisturbed sites, andtypical disturbance-tolerant species from those lesstolerant of human activity. Compared to undisturbed sites,disturbed sites tended to have more individual birds persurvey, pavement, and mowed lawns, and less canopy,vegetation volume, and vegetation vertical diversity. Aprincipal components analysis of quantitative disturbancemeasurements revealed that most bird and plant measures werehighly correlated with the first disturbance component. However, the correlation between birds and human activitywas much stronger than that between birds and plants, orbetween plants and disturbance. Our data suggest that bird-species composition is regulated more by human activity thanby plant-community composition. Also, in this system, birdcommunities are a better choice than plant communities toindex the effect of human disturbance. To maintain regionaldiversity of both birds and plants, undisturbed areas shouldbe maintained around reservoirs.     

论西安次级地裂缝

根据地震勘探结果，提出了西安地裂带由一条主地裂缝和一条规模较大的次级地裂缝组成。次缝位于主缝上盘，具有北倾北降的正断裂性质，并与主缝断裂呈“丫”字型构造，在深度300～500m处的第四系内与主缝汇合。在地表，次缝与主缝之间的距离多在50～120m，其间的地面呈陷落微地貌。地震勘探剖面上的次缝与主缝之间地层比较紊乱，似乎还有更小规模的裂缝构造，构成主缝到次缝间的断裂破碎带。对次缝的成因从区域构造应力场和自重应力场两方面给予了解释，并得到了以前的模拟试验结果和次缝出露地表情况的验证。据地面调查资料，凡次缝活动发育地段，其北侧主缝的活动相对较弱，甚至地表出露不明显。     

西安电视塔改造项目结构有限元分析

西安电视塔的装修改造,要求在塔楼、塔座增设部分钢梁、钢柱,而工程结构由于使用不当或任意改建引起的事故经常发生。为了保证结构的安全,为可靠性鉴定提供参考依据,并指导改造设计的实施,依据现行设计规范,采用多质点悬臂梁体系,用数值方法对西安电视塔主体结构进行了静力响应分析、反应谱分析,并考虑了二阶效应对结构的影响,得到内力结果。当考虑日照作用分析时,采用三维实体单元模型,计算温度变形,并考虑二阶效应对结构的影响。     

铜冶炼厂污水治理技术及建议

阐述了用石灰中和法工艺治理铜冶炼厂所产生的含有重金属离子的酸性废水技术,并针对该工艺流程中清水池沉积2-3m深细泥、污泥压滤能力不够、污泥作为垃圾处理易造成二次污染问题，提出清除污泥，稳定化／固化污泥中的重金属离子，综合利用污泥，重新改造设备等措施。     

华北地区下古生界海相碳酸盐岩二次生烃作用范围及潜力研究

本文总结了华北地区下古生界海相碳酸盐岩二次生烃作用的四大特征；对不同演化阶段的烃源岩发生二次生烃作用的特征进行了分析，并以此确定了华北地区下古生界二次生烃作用的范围；通过模拟实验，对华北地区下古生界海相碳酸盐岩二次生烃作用潜力进行了分析。     

化学改性二次纤维／聚乙烯废弃物复合材料研究

采用从造纸废渣中分离出的二次纤维和废塑料,制得二次纤维/聚乙烯废弃物复合材料。研究了KH550预处理、二次纤维的用量以及增容剂对复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:KH550的浓度为2%,预处理时间为20min,二次纤维用量约20%,增容剂的用量为6%时,所得复合材料的综合性能最佳。     

二次颗粒物源成分谱的建立在尘源解析中的作用

通过CMB模型计算各类尘源对TSP、PM10的影响时发现，二次颗粒物对尘源解析起到了不容忽视的作用，因此就二次颗粒物源成分谱进行了专门解析研究，并把二次颗粒物解析也纳入到模型中来，从而完善了源解析结果。