基于主成分分析与Fisher判别分析法的矿井突水水源识别方法

为有效地预防矿井突水事故,及早识别突水水源是关键工作之一。根据矿井各含水层水化学成分的差异性,选取7种水化学成分指标作为突水水源识别的样本变量。在此基础上,采用主成分分析(PCA)与Fisher判别分析相结合的方法建立突水水源判别模型。以新庄孜煤矿不同水层的水化学特征资料中的33个为学习样本,12个为预测样本,对该模型进行检验和应用,并与传统Fisher判别分析模型的结果进行比较。研究结果表明:利用PCA与Fisher突水水源判别模型能够有效地消除样本变量指标间的相互影响,使突水水源判别结果更加准确。     

视觉记忆型次任务对驾驶绩效及安全的影响

为研究视觉记忆型次任务对驾驶绩效及安全的影响,采用对未知内容的记忆任务和对已知内容的再认任务分别表征工作记忆和长时记忆过程,构建多组不同难度的次任务,基于标准换道试验环境LCT进行双任务研究。提取并分析驾驶人执行不同任务时车道保持、换道控制等指标的差异以及次任务绩效,基于主客观数据构建综合评判模型。结果表明:双任务驾驶条件下,车辆平均路径偏差、方向盘平均转向角、车道偏移次数指标增大,正确换道比例减小,感知负荷增大,总绩效下降。困难工作记忆组与简单工作记忆组相比,随着任务难度增大,换道控制绩效下降,感知负荷增大,总绩效下降36.1%;困难再认组与工作记忆组相比,车道保持绩效、换道控制绩效提高,感知负荷下降,总绩效提高50%;简单再认组与工作记忆组相比,总绩效变化不大;困难工作记忆组综合绩效最低。上述结果说明:随着次任务难度增大,总绩效下降,但将对未知内容的工作记忆过程转化为对已知内容的再认过程时,总绩效明显提升,这一特点在任务难度较大时更为显著。     

构造煤承压过程瓦斯渗透特性实验研究

构造煤具有瓦斯含量高、渗透率低等特征,是瓦斯抽采和灾害预防的难点。在采用“二次成型”法制取原煤样试件的基础上使用自行设计的“三轴应力瓦斯渗透性模拟实验装置”通过“应力-渗透性”实验,针对构造煤原煤试件不同瓦斯压力条件下的应力加、卸载过程的瓦斯渗透规律进行了研究。实验结果表明:加载阶段,随着加载应力的增大渗透率降低,初期阶段降幅最为急剧,围压升到3 MPa时,渗透率均下降近65%;卸载阶段渗透率随着应力的减小而增大,围压完全卸载后渗透率只恢复到初始值的25%;同样的应力条件下,煤基质收缩对构造煤的影响作用大于有效应力的增加,渗透率随着其内部瓦斯压力的降低而增大。实验结果可为构造煤“卸压增透”效果最佳化提供参考,进一步完善低渗透率煤层的瓦斯抽采理论及方法体系。     

生态工程中群落模型植物灭螺机理研究

研究了夹竹桃、枫杨和羊蹄灭螺活性较强的正丁醇提取物和水提物对钉螺酯酶同工酶（EST）、糖原（Gn）和总蛋白（TPr）的生理生化影响。同工酶电泳分析表明,EST是动物体内一种重要的解毒酶系统,且是钉螺对外界刺激反应最强烈的同工酶之一,EST在整个提取物作用阶段变化明显,可作为钉螺中毒的病理指标。提取物能够显著地降低钉螺体内的糖原含量,在整体情况下,影响糖代谢的因素错综复杂,进行机制分析较为困难,可能是提取物对钉螺肝脏、消化道或酶综合作用的结果。提取物能够在一定程度上降低钉螺体内的蛋白质含量,但减少量不及糖原的减少那样显著,这表明灭螺药物对钉螺的致死作用可能更多地与使钉螺组织细胞中的能量代谢异常有关,但其生化机制还需进一步研究。实验从微观领域探究其对钉螺的杀伤机理,为最终构建人工灭螺植物群落提供理论依据。     

Extraction,isolation, and identification of various environment friendly components from cock's comb (Celosia argentea) leaves for allelopathic potential

In this study, the aqueous extract of leaves of the plant cock's comb (Celosia argentea) was fractioned into five batches using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the methanol re-dissolved residues of 3 polar fractions, including dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol separately which exhibited altogether 12 compounds identified as 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric acid), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, m-coumaric acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, m-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, pyrogallol, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and genetic acid was categorized by retention time using known compounds. Similarly, the mass confirmation of most of the identified compounds was achieved by injecting 20 µl of composite sample of these three polar fractions into liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Similarly, the physiochemical analysis of C. argentea aqueous extract showed the presence of various constituents such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. All four organic fractions were examined for phytotoxicity against Lepidium sativum. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among these fractions against germination and growth of L. sativum. Further allelopathic effects appeared to be concentration dependent. Thus, C. argentea may prove effective as a substitute of herbicides to control the weeds like L. sativum from attacking crops and to protect the environment from the health hazard effects of herbicides.     

Chemical characterization of a water soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil

Very polar oil compounds are predominant in the resulting water soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil, in agreement with their high solubility in seawater. Non‐volatile hydrocarbons represent only a low proportion of total soluble extracts.

The experimental process we have achieved allows us to obtain quantitative and reproducible soluble oil extracts that could be used in ecotoxicological tests and for the study and the characterization of marine oil pollution.     

辅以纹理特征的HJ-CCD海上溢油信息提取 ——以PL19-3溢油为例

鉴于依赖光谱特征的传统溢油信息提取方法面临信息提取精度低的困境,提出采用光谱特征与纹理分析结合的方法应用于溢油监测.选择位于渤海的蓬莱19-3油田溢油事故为研究对象,基于覆盖溢油事故阶段的8景30m分辨率HJ-CCD数据,在溢油目标提取过程中,引入了方向性纹理特征分析,将主成分光谱降维、方向梯度边缘检测等技术相结合,形成了基于光谱与纹理特征的溢油信息提取技术.所述方法经8组数据检验后,用类间分歧度方法进行了对比评价.结果表明:将纹理分析方法应用于溢油信息提取,类间分歧度提高到1.9999,提高了油膜影响边界和油膜厚度分区识别能力.     

Physical and chemical processes of wintertime secondary nitrate aerosol formation

The UCD/CIT model was modified to include a process analysis (PA) scheme for gas and particulate matter (PM) to study the formation of secondary nitrate aerosol during a stagnant wintertime air pollution episode during the California Regional PM_2.5/PM₁₀ Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) where detailed measurements of PM components are available at a few sites. Secondary nitrate is formed in the urban areas from near the ground to a few hundred meters above the surface during the day with a maximum modeled net increase rate of 4 μg·m^-3·d^-1 during the study episode. The secondary nitrate formation rate in rural areas is lower due to lower NO₂. In the afternoon hours, near-surface temperature can be high enough to evaporate the particulate nitrate. In the nighttime hours, both the gas phase N₂O₅ reactions with water vapor and the N₂O₅ heterogeneous reactions with particle-bound water are important for secondary nitrate formation. The N₂O₅ reactions are most import near the surface to a few hundred meters above surface with a maximum modeled net secondary nitrate increase rate of 1 μg·m^-3·d^-1 and are more significant in the rural areas where the O₃ concentrations are high at night. In general, vertical transport during the day moves the nitrate formed near the surface to higher elevations. During the stagnant days, process analysis indicates that the nitrate concentration in the upper air builds up and leads to a net downward flux of nitrate through vertical diffusion and a rapid increase of surface nitrate concentration.     

La~(3+)和Fe~(3+)共掺杂TiO_2/浮石的制备及光催化矿化二级出水的效果

采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸涂法制备了以浮石为载体、La~(3+)和Fe~(3+)为共掺杂离子的TiO_2光催化剂,并用其光催化矿化城市污水处理厂二级出水.La~(3+)、Fe~(3+)改性TiO_2/浮石催化剂用X射线衍射、电镜扫描进行了表征和分析,探讨了La~(3+)、Fe~(3+)掺杂量对TiO_2光催化性能的影响,以及浮石粒径、涂膜层数、催化剂投加量对TiO_2/浮石光催化矿化二级出水效果的影响.结果显示,所制备的TiO_2以混晶形式存在,锐钛矿的含量为78.1%,平均粒径为36nm;TiO_2薄膜在浮石上负载良好,当La~(3+)、Fe~(3+)掺杂量分别为0.5%和0.05%、浮石粒径为20-40目、涂膜层数为4层、催化剂投加量为15 g·L~(-1),光催化反应时间为200min时,二级出水中TOC的去除率为51.6%,La~(3+)、Fe~(3+)改性TiO_2/浮石光催化是一种有效的污水深度处理方法.     

宝钢转炉烟气二次除尘技术研发与进步

随着现代炼钢技术的提高和转炉兑铁速度的加快,特别是在加入含有碳氢化合物杂质的低质废钢时,将产生大量的阵发性烟气并在炉口上方燃烧、引起烟气温度的急剧上升和体积膨胀,导致传统的转炉集尘罩二次烟气捕集能力下降,从而使环境状况不断恶劣。一种由宝钢集团BSEE研发的转炉烟气二次除尘综合处理技术能够消除这些问题。