微波消解-自动电位滴定法测定生活垃圾中的氯含量

建立用微波消解技术处理城市生活垃圾样品,以自动电位滴定法测定城市生活垃圾中的氯含量.讨论微波消解条件、自动电位滴定仪工作参数、酸度及干扰情况,并对城市生活垃圾中的氯含量进行测定,相对标准偏差＜2.5%,回收率为97%～102.5%.     

Evaluation of the fish short term reproduction assay for detecting endocrine disrupters

In a fish testing strategy, positive results of the fish short term reproduction assay (FSTR), often trigger a definitive test like the fish sexual development test (FSDT) or the fish full life cycle test (FFLC), entailing ethical and economic problems. This study analysed 137 studies encompassing 35 chemicals with different modes of actions (MOAs). Variability is quantified for MOA endpoints vitellogenin (VTG) and secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) as well as for apical endpoints. Two MOA endpoints could indicate estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities. Great variability, however, has been observed for chemicals with anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities, suggesting that TG229/230 may not be sensitive enough to detect these types of chemicals and may produce false negatives. Changes in apical endpoints like fecundity are not limited to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Non-EDCs could induce the similar effects on these apical endpoints. If elucidating MOA is needed, targeted in vitro MOA tests are suggested. Positive in vitro MOA results trigger a definitive test, which could be used for confirmation of the MOA in vivo and for deriving a no observed effect concentration (NOEC). Based on positive MOA results of TG229, a definitive test such as the FSDT or the FFLC is still needed, because the current TG229 has limitation on the derivation of a NOEC. An extended TG229 with more power to detect reproduction effects, as recently proposed in the OECD test guideline program, would improve the possibility to derive a NOEC and increase its usefulness in risk assessment.     

Analysis of Long-term Measurements of Airborne Concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide and SO42- in the Rural United Kingdom

During the last two decades, the importance of sulphur dioxide as a pollutant has moved away from its association with suspended particulate matter, to it being a precursor of SO ₄ ^2- aerosol (acidic e.g. sulphuric acid, or neutralised e.g. ammonium sulphate). Co-located concentration data of sulphur dioxide and SO ₄ ^2- , at nine monitoring sites situated in predominantly rural areas in the United Kingdom, collected over the time period 1979–1995, have been analysed. The time series for both species are discussed for the sites. Further analysis has shown that there is a degree of correlation between sulphur dioxide and SO ₄ ^2- for most of the sites considered. This correlation is of approximately the same level for most of the sites taken independently and together, and in most cases the slopes and intercepts associated with the simple empirical model equations arising from the correlation analysis, are of the same order of magnitude. The implementation of these site-dependent model equations within dispersion models for the prediction of the concentration of airborne sulphate aerosol from knowledge of sulphur dioxide concentration is discussed. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed the influence of transported sulphate aerosol on the local concentration, especially during high concentration episodes.     

饮用水水质安全性的探讨

阐明了目前我国城镇供水水质安全所存在的问题：主要从藻毒素、消毒副产物、内分泌干扰物、铝浓度超标、出厂水的二次污染等五个方面加以讨论,且分析了它们的危害及产生原因。     

我国废旧机动车回收产生的二次污染及防治对策研究述评

随着我国社会经济的飞速发展,国民生活水平的提高,汽车行业飞速发展,我国汽车保有量大增,由废旧汽车带来的环境污染与安全压力也将会随之增大。目前,我国废旧汽车资源化关键技术落后,没有成套适用技术,维修方法粗糙,因此,造成的二次污染严重。综述了国内外废旧机动车回收产生的二次污染情况,总结国外的发展经验,提出适合我国国情的废旧机动车回收行业二次污染控制意见。     

浓缩消化一体化反应器处理污泥的试验研究

中温条件下,采用浓缩消化一体化反应器处理污泥,考察稳定运行阶段投配率、搅拌和容积负荷对反应器的运行效果的影响。研究结果表明,投配率在10%～20%之间,排泥的含水率有所降低,之后随着投配率的增加,排泥含水率急剧升高;投配率由10%至30%增加过程中,排泥有机物（VS）的去除率和产气量也呈上升的趋势,投配率由30%再增加时,VS的去除率和产气量急剧下降。搅拌对排泥的含水率影响较小,但能够提高VS去除率和产气量。随着进泥容积负荷的增大,反应器排泥含水率逐渐增大;随着容积负荷在一定范围内的增加, VS去除率也随之提高。     

微波预处理对秸秆厌氧消化影响的研究

以秸秆为研究对象,比较不同的微波强度预处理作用下对秸秆厌氧消化产气特性的影响,研究日产气量、pH值、甲烷气体浓度及生物降解率4个参数的变化趋势,结果表明:微波预处理对秸秆厌氧消化有明显效果,平均日产气量由未被预处理的6.21 mL/g VS上升到 8.16 mL/g VS,上升了31.33%,达到最大日产气量时间由原来的第12 d,提前至第2～第7 d不等,最大日产气量由原来的23.43 mL/g VS上升到43.49 mL/g VS;在360～900 W范围内,微波强度越大,反应的pH值下降越快,秸秆厌氧消化最大日产气量越提前;经过微波预处理的甲烷浓度平均浓度由原来的50%提高至62%左右,其生物能范围也由未处理前的17.58 MJ/m³提高至23.46 MJ/m³,物降解率由未预处理的44.12%,提高至71.55%。     

基于贝叶斯网络的城市地震次生灾害演化机理分析

为了解城市地震次生灾害的演化路径及扩散机理,进而为城市防震救灾工作提供科学的参考依据,通过对城市地震有关资料和文献的分析,确定出城市地震次生灾害演化系统贝叶斯网络的节点变量及取值范围,并根据节点变量之间的因果关系构建出贝叶斯网络结构图。通过对国内外典型震例中的16个受灾城市相关数据进行统计,分析获得网络结构各个变量的条件概率。结合贝叶斯网络推理知识,利用贝叶斯网络工具箱分析了在相同的地震输入变量、不同的控制输入变量取值条件下,各类城市地震次生灾害的发生概率。算例分析结果表明不同的应急管理水平对城市地震各类次生灾害的发生概率有显著影响。     

Change of PCBs and forms of heavy metals in sewage sludge during thermophilic anaerobic digestion

Determination of seven congeners of PCBs was carried out for sewage sludge before, during and after thermophilic digestion. The overall content of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr) in sludge before and after digestion was determined. Moreover the concentration of heavy metals in particular chemical fractions of the sludge was analyzed. After the thermophilic digestion total concentration of seven PCBs was reduced by 47%, which suggests that thermophilic digestion affects PCB reduction positively. On the 10th d of the process, concentration of lower chlorinated PCBs increased, whereas those of higher chlorinated PCBs decreased. The thermophilic digestion process showed no accumulation of the studied heavy metals in the mobile fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) of the stabilized sewage sludge, except for nickel. The highest increase in zinc, copper, cadmium, and chromium concentration was observed in the organic-sulfide fraction, whereas the highest increase in lead was found in the residual fraction of the sludge. In case of nickel both fractions of organic-sulfide and exchangeable-carbonate fractions were enriched.     

搅拌对污泥厌氧消化过程中污泥形态及微生物活性的影响

搅拌对污泥厌氧消化过程中的物料传质具有非常重要的作用,为进一步了解搅拌对厌氧消化微观环境的影响,考察了污泥厌氧消化过程中搅拌和无搅拌条件下污泥形态、微生物活性及分布的变化。采用吖啶橙染色法对微生物中的RNA、DNA染色,通过染色情况分析微生物活性的空间分布。结果表明,搅拌系统中污泥絮体结构松散,粒径细小,但具有良好的沉降性能;搅拌系统中RNA/DNA(以荧光的相对面积表征)和脱氢酶活性均高于无搅拌系统,说明适度搅拌可以提高污泥厌氧消化系统中微生物活性。RNA/DNA与传统脱氢酶的测试结果基本一致,但前者测试过程简单、结果直观且可获得微生物活性的空间分布特性,因此可用于微生物活性的评估。