城市土地置换过程中土壤有机污染物健康影响度评价

城市化过程中日益严峻的土壤污染已成为制约城市土地可持续开发利用的主要因素,而有机物已成为土壤中重要的污染物. 在我国目前缺乏相关环境质量标准的背景下,选择某区域土地置换开发为案例,尝试采用人体健康影响度评价法,对城市土地置换中土壤有机污染物可能给未来入住人群健康带来的潜在危害进行了分析与定量评价,识别出该区域土壤有机污染物以2,4-二硝基酚、五氯酚以及PAHs为主. 需要指出的是,参与评价的有机污染物仅为被检出有机污染物总量的一部分,因此评价结果中的健康影响度可能较实际数值偏低. 随着环境管理工作的深入进行,在城市土地置换过程中应逐步加强环境健康风险评价的研究.       

长江口表层沉积物中半挥发性有机物的分布

采用GC-FID方法对2005年11月采集于长江河口区表层沉积物中的64种半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)进行分析测定,并对影响该类污染物分布的主要因素进行了讨论. 结果表明:该区域表层沉积物中共检出半挥发性有机物35种,包括多环芳烃类11种,取代苯类7种,酚类5种,酯类3种,醚类2种和其他类7种. 其中,属于我国优先控制污染物的有7种,属于美国优先控制污染物的有22种. 沉积物中SVOCs的分布未呈现出明显的规律,其分布主要受采样点所处的水利条件、与排污口的相对位置、沉积物颗粒粒径、有机质含量和洪枯季等因素的影响;采样点的水动力条件越弱,与排污口的距离越近,沉积物颗粒粒径越小,导致沉积物中污染物的种类和数量就越多.      

北京市冬季气象要素对气溶胶浓度日变化的影响

对2004年1月1—15日北京气溶胶浓度与相对湿度、气压、风速、风向等气象要素的平均日变化进行分析,结果表明:北京冬季ρ(PM₁₀₎日变化明显,受气象要素的日变化影响. ρ(PM₁₀₎与相对湿度和气压呈正相关性;风速对ρ(PM₁₀)的日变化影响明显,09:00—18:00风速和ρ(PM₁₀₎变化趋势一致,呈正相关性,其他时间则呈负相关性; 风向对粗、细粒子的数浓度影响不同,细粒子数浓度在偏东风时大,西、西南风时小,而粗粒子则相反;粗、细粒子的数浓度日变化受气象要素的影响程度不同,相对于粗粒子,细粒子数浓度更易受气象要素日变化的影响.      

紫外光降解高浓度氯苯气体的研究

为评价紫外光降解作为高浓度挥发性有机物生物预处理的可行性,系统考察了其对高浓度氯苯气体的去除性能及其影响因素.所考察的影响因素包括紫外光波长、进口ρ(氯苯)、空塔停留时间和气体相对湿度等.结果表明:复合254和185 nm波长紫外光照射对氯苯的去除效果优于单一254 nm波长;紫外光降解反应器的进口ρ(氯苯)在2 300～2600 mg/m3,空塔停留时间为27 s时,对氯苯气体的去除率可达40%,继续延长空塔停留时间对氯苯去除率的提高作用有限;进口ρ(氯苯)在150～3 000 mg/m3时,氯苯去除速率随进口浓度单调增加,当高于3 000 mg/m3时,氯苯去除速率基本保持不变;增加气体相对湿度可以提高紫外光降解反应器对氯苯的去除效果.      

两种工艺对污水再生水中微量有机物的去除效果

以20种微量有机污染物为目标物,针对北京市2个再生水厂的不同工艺,系统地考察了污水再生水中目标化合物的去除效果,并采用重组酵母雌激素活性筛检法(YES法)对再生水中雌激素活性进行评价.结果表明,超滤(UF)+臭氧(O3)氧化处理工艺可有效地去除微量有机污染物,出水中雌二醇当量浓度(EEQ)低于YES法检出范围.A2/O+膜生物反应器(MBR)+反渗透(RO)处理工艺对微量有机污染物有很高的去除能力,出水中可检测出的目标化合物较少.2种工艺均可降低再生水的环境风险,保障其使用安全.     

SBBR工艺处理有机农药废水的生产性试验

为了实现SBBR工艺处理有机农药废水在生产上的应用,选择有代表性的农药厂进行生产性试验。试验结果表明:COD、BOD5、SS、TP平均去除率分别为90.1%、91%、88.8%和94.7%,出水水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的二级标准,并且运行稳定、投资省。     

城市污水预水解对二级生化处理的影响

为考察预水解对后续二级生化处理的影响,结合无锡市城北污水处理厂实际运行情况进行了生产性试验研究。结果表明,对于工业废水占40%的城市污水而言,原水经过水解预处理后的可生化性得到提高,并且由于水解池在未满负荷运行的情况下对碳源有机物的去除率较高,对后续硝化脱氨、反硝化脱氮和除磷存在不同的影响。     

Carbon sequestration in soils of SW-Germany as affected by agricultural management—Calibration of the EPIC model for regional simulations

Global emissions trading allows for agricultural measures to be accounted for the carbon sequestration in soils. The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model was tested for central European site conditions by means of agricultural extensification scenarios. Results of soil and management analyses of different management systems (cultivation with mouldboard plough, reduced tillage, and grassland/fallow establishment) on 13 representative sites in the German State Baden-Württemberg were used to calibrate the EPIC model. Calibration results were compared to those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) prognosis tool. The first calibration step included adjustments in (a) N depositions, (b) N₂-fixation by bacteria during fallow, and (c) nutrient content of organic fertilisers according to regional values. The mixing efficiency of implements used for reduced tillage and four crop parameters were adapted to site conditions as a second step of the iterative calibration process, which should optimise the agreement between measured and simulated humus changes. Thus, general rules were obtained for the calibration of EPIC for different criteria and regions. EPIC simulated an average increase of +0.341 Mg humus-C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ for on average 11.3 years of reduced tillage compared to land cultivated with mouldboard plough during the same time scale. Field measurements revealed an average increase of +0.343 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ and the IPCC prognosis tool +0.345 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹. EPIC simulated an average increase of +1.253 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ for on average 10.6 years of grassland/fallow establishment compared to an average increase of +1.342 Mg humus-C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ measured by field measurements and +1.254 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ according to the IPCC prognosis tool. The comparison of simulated and measured humus C stocks was r² ≥ 0.825 for all treatments. However, on some sites deviations between simulated and measured results were considerable. The result for the simulation of yields was similar. In 49% of the cases the simulated yields differed from the surveyed ones by more than 20%. Some explanations could be found by qualitative cause analyses. Yet, for quantitative analyses the available information from farmers was not sufficient. Altogether EPIC is able to represent the expected changes by reduced tillage or grassland/fallow establishment acceptably under central European site conditions of south-western Germany.     

Simulating soil organic matter with CQESTR (v. 2.0): Model description and validation against long-term experiments across North America

Soil carbon (C) models are important tools for examining complex interactions between climate, crop and soil management practices, and to evaluate the long-term effects of management practices on C-storage potential in soils. CQESTR is a process-based carbon balance model that relates crop residue additions and crop and soil management to soil organic matter (SOM) accretion or loss. This model was developed for national use in U.S and calibrated initially in the Pacific Northwest. Our objectives were: (i) to revise the model, making it more applicable for wider geographic areas including potential international application, by modifying the thermal effect and incorporating soil texture and drainage effects, and (ii) to recalibrate and validate it for an extended range of soil properties and climate conditions. The current version of CQESTR (v. 2.0) is presented with the algorithms necessary to simulate SOM at field scale. Input data for SOM calculation include crop rotation, aboveground and belowground biomass additions, tillage, weather, and the nitrogen content of crop residues and any organic amendments. The model was validated with long-term data from across North America. Regression analysis of 306 pairs of predicted and measured SOM data under diverse climate, soil texture and drainage classes, and agronomic practices at 13 agricultural sites having a range of SOM (7.3–57.9 g SOM kg⁻¹), resulted in a linear relationship with an r² of 0.95 (P < 0.0001) and a 95% confidence interval of 4.3 g SOM kg⁻¹. Using the same data the version 1.0 of CQESTR had an r² of 0.71 with a 95% confidence interval of 5.5 g SOM kg⁻¹. The model can be used as a tool to predict and evaluate SOM changes from various management practices and offers the potential to estimate C accretion required for C credits.     

郑州地区大气气溶胶光学特性的地基遥感研究

根据自动跟踪扫描光度计观测资料,利用Bouguer-Lamber定律反演郑州地区2007年2~9月气溶胶光学厚度和波长指数,分析郑州地区该时段气溶胶光学特性的季节变化和日变化情况.结果表明,郑州地区2007年2~9月1020nm气溶胶光学厚度为0.49±0.09;870nm气溶胶光学厚度为0.60±0.13;670nm气溶胶光学厚度为0.76±0.20;440nm气溶胶光学厚度为1.08±0.34.季节变化以夏季最高,秋冬次之,春季最低.波长指数春季为0.37~0.69,夏季为1.18~1.26.春季有50%以上的天气,扬尘粒子为主控粒子,而夏季城市-工业气溶胶是主控粒子之一.日变化规律与近地面污染物浓度变化一致,8:30和17:00左右出现峰值,11:30出现谷值,由于气温上升,湍流剧烈,12:30左右气溶胶光学厚度有1个小高峰,但仍处于全天的低值区.