水中几种无机离子对布洛芬光降解的影响

光降解是许多药物类污染物在地表水中的重要去除方式。在UV-vis照射下,研究水体中的无机离子对布洛芬光降解的影响。结果表明,在反应液中添加金属离子和碳酸氢根时,布洛芬的光降解都很好的符合准一级动力学。金属阳离子和HCO-3均可抑制布洛芬的光降解,且抑制率随添加浓度的增大而增大。     

开封市城区冬季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

为探究开封市冬季大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征及来源,基于2021年12月至2022年1月开封市生态环境局(城区)在线监测站获取的大气VOCs组分数据,阐述其VOCs污染特征和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAP),利用PMF模型解析出VOCs的来源.结果表明,冬季开封市ρ(VOCs)平均值为(104.71±48.56)μg·m^-3,其质量分数最高为烷烃(37.7%),其次为卤代烃(23.5%)、芳香烃(16.8%)、 OVOCs(12.6%)、烯烃(6.9%)和炔烃(2.6%).VOCs对SOA的贡献平均值为3.18μg·m^-3,其中芳香烃贡献率高达83.8%,其次为烷烃(11.5%);开封市冬季VOCs的最大人为排放来源为溶剂使用(17.9%),其次为燃料燃烧(15.9%)、工业卤代烃排放(15.8%)、机动车排放(14.7%)、有机化学工业(14.5%)和LPG排放(13.3%);溶剂使用源对SOAP的贡献率达到32.2%,其次是机动车排放(22.8%)和工业卤代烃排放(18.9%).可见,降低溶剂使用、机动车排放和工业卤代烃排放的...     

合肥市郊夏季PM10浓度及其与能见度的关系

年8—9月在合肥市郊对ρ(PM₁₀)进行了观测,并分析了其中9种水溶性离子(NO₂-、Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、NH₄+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+)质量浓度. 结果表明:采样期间该地区ρ(PM₁₀)日均值为78.9 μg/m3,9种水溶性离子的平均质量浓度为18.93 μg/m3,占ρ(PM₁₀)的26.6%,表明水溶性组分是PM₁₀的重要组成之一. SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+和Ca2+是主要的阴、阳离子,日均质量浓度分别为8.14、4.81、3.46和1.33 μg/m3. 不同RH(相对湿度)下PM₁₀对能见度的影响不同,RH小于80%时,二者呈显著的线性负相关〔R(相关系数)为-0.80〕;RH大于80%时,二者呈指数负相关(R为-0.48). 离子间相关性分析显示,PM₁₀中水溶性离子的主要结合方式为(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄、NH₄NO₃、KCl及K₂SO₄. 采样期间ρ(NO₃-)/ρ(SO₄2-)平均值为0.59,说明在该地区固定源对水溶性组分的贡献大于移动源. 另外,扬尘也是PM₁₀重要来源之一.      

北京市一次沙尘过程中降水化学组分的监测分析

2010-4-5北京市出现了罕见的沙尘过程中降水,在市中心采集了雨水样品,用离子色谱方法分析了样品中9种离子组分浓度,结果表明:该次降水pH值较高(7.33)、电导率偏高(24.50mS/m)、可溶性离子浓度普遍高,9种离子浓度总和为3080meq/L;降水中离子当量浓度之比SO42-/NO3-为1.27, Ca2+/NH4+为1.25.为了进一步研究沙尘对降水化学组成的影响,统计了2005年至2010年全市3个监测点每年4月(沙尘高发期)监测的39次降水,得到其平均pH值为6.84、电导率为9.20 mS/m;降水中当量浓度之比SO42-/NO3-和Ca2+/NH4+分别为2.37和1.87.比较2组数据可见,发生在沙尘过程中的这次降水NO3-离子浓度的增加较为突出.而与历年年平均水平相比,4月降水均凸显了Ca2+和NO3-大幅增加的特征.进一步分析该次过程中同一监测点酸根离子前体物SO2、NO2的浓度变化特征发现:在沙尘和降水持续期间NO2浓度较低,在降水持续的时段SO2浓度显著降低,表明大气湿度对于SO2气粒转化起到了制约作用.     

PM2.5中水溶性有机物吸光特性的模拟研究

研究建立了超声雾化器与光声光谱仪,扫描电迁移率颗粒物粒径谱仪联用的分析系统,将深圳市2011年夏季采集的PM2.5膜样品提取液雾化发生气溶胶,使之进入光声光谱仪检测其吸光强度以研究气溶胶中水溶性有机物(WSOM)的吸光特征.结果表明:观测期间PM2.5中WSOM平均质量浓度为(4.3±2.3)μg/m3,分别占PM2.5和OM质量浓度的11.9%±4.8%和49.2%±18.5%.WSOM在405,532,781nm波长下的质量吸收效率值(MAE)分别为(0.55±0.31),(0.54±0.31),(0.21±0.13)m2/g.经计算所得:深圳市夏季大气PM2.5中WSOM在405,532,781nm波长下的平均吸收系数分别为(2.30±1.08),(2.25±1.26),(0.86±0.45)Mm-1,对应的WSOM对大气PM2.5整体吸光效应的贡献率分别为7.6%,10.6%和5.8%,说明WSOM对PM2.5整体吸光效应的贡献不容忽视,有机气溶胶在大气灰霾中的能见度损害作用值得进一步深入研究.     

林下凋落物去除与施氮对针叶林和阔叶林土壤氮的影响

通过野外模拟试验,选择中亚热带针叶林(杉木林)和阔叶林(浙江桂林和罗浮栲林)森林生态系统,设3个施氮水平CK(对照)、低氮〔30kg/(hm2·a) 〕和高氮〔100kg/(hm2·a)〕及2个凋落物处理,研究施氮对土壤主要形态氮质量分数的影响、动态变化及凋落物在其中的作用. 结果表明:与CK相比,高氮处理可瞬时(3d)提高森林土壤氮质量分数,但施氮后持续效应的影响降低. 与保留凋落物相比,去除凋落物在施氮的持续效应中,可降低阔叶林土壤w(铵态氮)18.2%,而杉木林土壤的氮质量分数则略有升高.去除凋落物下施氮的持续和瞬时效应可增加各种林下土壤的w(硝态氮),其中浙江桂林土壤w(硝态氮)分别增加58.9%和38.2%,罗浮栲林土壤分别增加7.0%和30.0%,杉木林土壤分别增加-17.1%和9.0%. 可见凋落物在施氮连续事件中存在复杂的短期和长期相互影响. 阔叶林土壤w(SON)(SON为可溶性有机氮)较高,并且其微生物w(SON)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于杉木林土壤,而杉木林土壤微生物w(铵态氮)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于阔叶林土壤.      

Remobilization of selected metal ions from Nile sediment (Egypt) according to sequential extraction and metal–EDTA complex

River sediments are basic components of our environment, providing nutrients for living organisms and serving as sinks for deleterious chemical species. The metal contents may be remobilized and released back into waters with changes in environmental conditions, thus affecting living organisms and human activities. This paper aims to determine the effect of a synthetic anthropogenic chelating agent (EDTA) as industrial discharges on the remobilization of several metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in River Nile sediments (at Aswan and Mansoura cities) under different concentrations and pH values, and to investigate the influence of metal–EDTA complexes on this remobilization. For these purposes, sequential extraction and experiments on the effect of pH and metal EDTA complex were carried out on the two representative sediment samples south and north of the River Nile in Egypt. The results of sequential extraction show that most of metal contents present in the residual form (Cu, 11.36–72.34%; Pb, 29.64–66.67%; and Zn, 43.76–50.09% at Aswan and Mansoura, respectively). Non-residual fractions which may be available for the remobilization by EDTA represented anthropogenic (industrial, agriculture, and domestic discharges) and lithiopogenic (metals bound to Fe and Mn oxides) sources. A clear increase was detected for Cu and Zn remobilization from the increase in EDTA concentrations, in contrast, Cd independent of the EDTA concentration and slight influence on Pb content. The remobilization of metals as a function of pH exhibited. The metals were greatly remobilized under the complexing action of EDTA, showing that some of these elements were adsorbed on the sediments. The remobilization rate of metals was dependent upon the added metal–EDTA complex (with the exchange rate being in the order Ca–EDTA>Zn–EDTA>Cd–EDTA>Cu–EDTA>Pb–EDTA), due to the stability constant of the metal–EDTA complex. The results of these experiments showed that heavy metals are greatly remobilized under the complexing action of EDTA when it is present in excess, so all precautions should be taken to prevent any wastewater containing EDTA or any chelating agents discharging directly or indirectly via the River Nile stream because most EDTA remains in the aquatic phase. The ability of this portion to remobilize metals from sediments should be taken into account.     

Suitability of various chemically prepared activated carbons for the removal of copper(II) ions

Studies on the suitability of various chemically prepared activated carbons (CPACs) like straw carbon (SC), sawdust carbon (SDC), dates nut carbon (DNC) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) for the removal of copper(II) ions by adsorption from simulated wastewater have been carried out under batch mode at 30?±?1°C and the results are compared. The percentage removal of Cu(II) ions increased with a decrease in initial concentration, particle size and added electrolytes (ionic strength) and increased with an increase in contact time, dose of adsorbent and initial pH of the solution. The adsorption data were fitted with the Langmuir isotherm. The applicability of the first order kinetic equation viz. Lagergren equation was tested by correlation analysis. The adsorption process is concluded to be a spontaneous, first order reaction, occurring with increased randomness at the solid–liquid interface. Studies on the desorption of Cu²⁺-loaded activated carbons (ACs) were carried out with nitric acid (0.2–1?N). The possibility of reuse of the regenerated ACs in cycle (in cue-one after another) was tested. SC was found to be a suitable adsorbent alternative to CAC among CPACs for the removal of metal ions, in general, and Cu²⁺ ions, in particular.     

Inorganic mercury pharmacokinetics in man: a two-compartment model

Excreta data obtained from five human subjects and previously analyzed as part of a multicompartment model (Hall, L.L., P.V. Allen, H.L. Fisher, and B. Most. 1995. The kinetics of intravenously administered inorganic mercury in humans. In Kinetic models of trace element and mineral metabolism, ed. K.N.S. Subramanian and M.E. Wastney, 1-21. Boca Raton: CRC Press) were reanalyzed by means of a two-compartment model. The mobile compartment represents mercury of any form that is available for transport throughout the body. The immobile compartment represents mercury in forms that are not available for transport. The model simulates time profiles for body inorganic mercury and for fecal and urinary excretion. According to the model, intravenously administered mercury enters the body in the mobile form. Following administration, two distinct kinetic profiles were observed. In four of five subjects, mobile mercury in the body declined rapidly and the immobile form became dominant within 6 days. In these subjects, fecal excretion profiles were characterized by an initial phase dominated by excretion of mobile mercury lasting up to 6 days. This was followed by a slower phase during which mobile and immobile mercury were excreted in varying amounts. A similar pattern was seen in urinary profiles, but the initial phase is shorter and less pronounced. In each of these subjects, immobile mercury accounted for 84–94% of the total cumulative urinary excretion. The fifth subject showed a unique kinetic profile. Conversion of mobile to immobile mercury was slow and the two forms did not reach equivalence until approximately 70 days after dosing. Despite this fact, approximately 99% of fecally excreted mercury and 100% of urinary mercury originated in the immobile compartment. Possible explanations for the different profiles are discussed within the context of the model.