Revisit ocean thermal energy conversion system

The earth, covered more than70.8% by the ocean, receives most of itsenergy from the sun. Solar energy istransmitted through the atmosphere andefficiently collected and stored in thesurface layer of the ocean, largely in thetropical zone. Some of the energy isre-emitted to the atmosphere to drive thehydrologic cycle and wind. The wind fieldreturns some of the energy to the ocean inthe form of waves and currents. Themajority of the absorbed solar energy isstored in vertical thermal gradients nearthe surface layer of the ocean, most ofwhich is in the tropical region. Thisthermal energy replenished each day by thesun in the tropical ocean represents atremendous pollution-free energy resourcefor human civilization. Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion (OTEC) technology refersto a mechanical system that utilizes thenatural temperature gradient that exists inthe tropical ocean between the warm surfacewater and the deep cold water, to generateelectricity and produce other economicallyvaluable by-products. The science andengineering behind OTEC have been studiedin the US since the mid-seventies,supported early by the U.S. Government andlater by State and private industries.There are two general types of OTECdesigns: closed-cycle plants utilize theevaporation of a working fluid, such asammonia or propylene, to drive theturbine-generator, and open-cycle plantsuse steam from evaporated sea water to runthe turbine. Another commonly known design,hybrid plants, is a combination of the two.OTEC requires relatively low operation andmaintenance costs and no fossil fuelconsumption.OTEC system possesses a formidablepotential capacity for renewable energy andoffers a significant elimination ofgreenhouse gases in producing power. Inaddition to electricity and drinking water,an OTEC system can produce many valuableby-products and side-utilizations, such as:hydrogen, air-conditioning, ice,aquaculture, and agriculture, etc. Thepotential of these by-products, especiallydrinking water, aquaculture andmariculture, can easily translate intobillions of dollars in businessopportunities. The current status of theOTEC system definitely deserves to becarefully revisited. This paper willexamine recent major advancements intechnology, evaluate costs andeffectiveness, and assess the overallmarket environment of the OTEC system anddescribe its great renewable energypotential and overall benefits to thenations of the world.     

生态工业园保障体系的建设与完善

本文分析了目前生态工业因的保障体系建设存在的问题,从运行机制、政策法规、科学技术、人力资源、意识能力培养五个方面,分析和探讨了生态工业因保障体系建设的具体内容,构建并完善了生态工业因建设的保障体系框架和内容,为生态工业因的建设提供了有效的保障和支撑.     

水资源安全的度量:水资源承载力的研究与挑战

水资源承载力是对水资源安全的一个基本度量,研究水资源承载力对于认识和建设水资源安全保障体系具有重要意义。基于水资源承载力的定义和水资源承载力系统关系,论文给出了水资源承载力的度量与计算方法,包括可利用水资源量、水资源需求量的计算,流域水资源承载力平衡指数、水资源承载力分量的测度等。西北干旱区是我国水资源极为短缺的地区,因此,论文就西北干旱区水资源承载力综合研究的一些关键问题,如变化环境下的流域水循环模拟研究、生态需水研究等进行了重点讨论,并认为水资源承载力的进一步研究应加强水文基础与水资源、社会经济学科的综合研究,促进RS、GIS等信息技术和现有模型方法的结合,并重视区域差异研究。     

水安全保障问题浅议

自然界的水与其它矿产资源的不同,是具有利和有害的二重性。水既有可资利用以为人类社会服务的一面,又有因水带来的危害,如洪涝、干旱现象以及水致疾病的传播的一面。因此,为加强水的安全保障作用,需采取一系列的工程和非工程措施所建立的系统,并在实施该系统时注意以下方面,包括:在确保水源不受损害的条件下为各类用水要求提供适当保证程度的供水,在适应国家经济发展水平和综合国力的前提下,采用适当标准进行江河治理,以努力减轻各类因水引起的灾害损失;千方百计增加可利用水量,开辟新水源;大力推行合理用水和节约用水技术;非常重视保护环境,特别是保护生态系统,以维护人类自下而上环境的持续发展。     

基于灰色马尔科夫模型的机场安检危险品数量预测

机场安检的危险品数量具有动态、随机、非线性等特点,传统的GM(1,1)模型无法对其作出准确的预测。利用灰色GM(1,1)模型对2014年1—5月所查获的危险品数量进行计算、检验,并对6—8月的危险品数量进行预测。首先建立危险品数量的GM(1,1)模型,然后再对其预测值进行修正,结果表明,灰色马尔科夫模型的平均相对误差比灰色预测模型的平均相对误差减小了25.18%,表明灰色马尔科夫模型比单一的灰色预测模型的精度高,该模型是有效可行的,可为航空公司6—8月将要查获的危险品数量预测提供理论基础,以便引起相关部门的高度重视,并采取相应措施以保障旅客安全。     

Property rights integrity,tenure security and forestland rental market participation: Evidence from Jiangxi Province,China

The decentralization of property rights is the focus of the forest tenure reforms in several developing countries. In China, it was achieved by the launch of a new round of collective forest tenure reform beginning in 2003, which provided farmers with more integrated and secure forestland rights. Drawing on household data collected in Jiangxi province in 2011 and 2013, this paper examines the impacts of households’ recognition of property rights and improved tenure security on forestland rental activities. Our empirical results show that households with higher perceptions of more complete use rights and mortgage rights have a lower probability and intensity of renting‐in land, while households with lower expectations of future forestland redistribution or expropriation are more likely to rent in forestland and more of it. These results imply that the development of a forestland rental market leading to better forest management requires an integrated forestland management approach consisting of decentralization of property rights and village governance. In particular, the central government may further clarify the rights and obligations affiliated to forestland ownership, contractual rights, and management rights; while the village collective may shift from direct intervention in the integrity and security of forestland rights to the supervision and protection of decentralized forestland rights to increase efficiency from the decentralization of property rights.     

Energy policies and environmental security: A multi-criteria analysis of energy policies of Pakistan

Access to affordable and efficient energy is a basic human right and an imperative for human development. The energy policies usually ponder technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects for successful procurement of energy and endowment of energy resources. The objectives of this paper are to analyze energy policies in Pakistan and assess their relationship with environmental security and development. An empirical and multi-criteria decision analysis was used to unfold the strong interactions of energy security with development and environment. The energy policies in Pakistan are more equipped with economic and technical aspects, fairly framed with social aspects and poorly pampered with environmental facets. The dearth of environmental aspects will not only results in environmental degradation but also lag the development and achievement of Sustainable Development Goals.     

The African food crisis of 1982-1986*

The crisis cannot be attributed to any one cause, but rather it was the product of a number of interacting factors whose precise combination varied between countries. Drought, internal political and economic factors and an unfavourable external economic environment were significant contributory factors. Civil war and externally financed insurgency were primarily responsible for propelling a food crisis into a famine in four out of the six worst affected countries. Within the literature, there is a tendency for writers to emphasize the relative contribution of factors within their own disciplines. So far the literature on the responses, both within country and internationally, is comprised of eye witness accounts by journalists and evaluations by aid agencies of their performance. The international response by governments and the public was massive and unprecedented, but the response by governments, indigenous NGO's and the public within affected countries is often overlooked by the journalistic literature. Generalizations about "the African food crisis" have obscured the considerable diversity amongst countries. This is well illustrated by the experiences of Ethiopia, Kenya and Botswana. This diversity indicates the biased perspectives that arise from focussing on the extreme famines, as in Ethiopia. Research priorities should include studies of systems that coped during the crisis, historical analysis of the crisis, the way early warning information is processed within bureaucratic institutions, environmental degradation and fully integrated analysis of food production and consumption systems.     

水源地型水库水生态安全评价方法探索

基于2018年8月开展的夏季江苏省17座水源地型水库水质调查数据,结合水源地型水库面临的主要水生态安全问题,综合运用层次分析法和专家意见法建立了水源地型水库水生态安全评价体系和方法,并首次提出将异味物质2-甲基异莰醇纳入评价体系.结果表明：江苏省水源地型水库水生态安全等级为优秀和良好的水库分别占29.4%和52.9%,处于一般等级的水库占17.7%;水库水生态安全的主要影响因素有透明度、异味物质2-甲基异莰醇（MIB）、蓝藻水华及富营养化.本研究通过抓住水源地型水库水生态安全的主要水生态指标进行简便易行的评估,可为类似水源地型水库因地制宜地制定个性化生态监测方案和评价方法提供科学依据.     

美国校园安全管理探析与启示

美国是世界上最早探索如何有效保障校园安全的国家之一。本文以美国校园安全为研究对象,分别从校园安全治理组织框架、法律法规体系、安全管理模式、巩固提升与持续改进4个方面进行分析,较为系统、深入地对美国校园安全管理现状进行了剖析。依据美国校园安全管理经验,结合我国校园安全管理实际情况,提出对我国校园安全管理的一些启示。