江苏省沿江地区农用地资源质量评价研究

采用农用地分等中的自然质量分值的计算方法,以实现对地理范围较大,内部自然、经济、社会条件差异较为明显的江苏省沿江地区的农用地资源质量的合理评价。评价结果为：地处宁镇扬丘陵区的该区西部地区农用地的质量复杂多变,各种级别的农用地均有分布且面积比例相差不大;地处太湖平原区的该区南部地区农用地的质量优越;而该区北部地区农用地质量东西两翼较好,中部较差。根据评价结果,本文从挖掘农用地生产潜力,综合开发利用土地后备资源,提高非农用地经济产出能力,完善农用地与非农用地转换价格约束机制及发展循环产业经济,污染排放源头控制与生产过程中治理相结合等几个方面提出了江苏省沿江地区耕地、生态环境保护与经济协调发展的建议。     

三峡库区生活垃圾的重金属污染程度评价

长期以来,我国的城市生活垃圾处理与处置主要以填埋为主,且大部分为简易填埋或堆放,形成众多的垃圾堆放场。它们不仅影响周围的生态环境,而且威胁到居民的身体健康,特别是不少堆存的生活垃圾受到重金属元素不同程度的污染,任意放置可能会产生严重的后果,所以评价生活垃圾的重金属元素污染程度有助于垃圾堆放场的环境影响评价以及污染防治措施的提出。以三峡库区为例,通过测定三峡库区各个区县主要垃圾堆放场堆存生活垃圾的重金属元素含量, 包括砷、铅、铬、镉和汞,采用单因子评价和综合评价法确定三峡库区堆存生活垃圾的重金属污染程度,为库区的环境保护提供决策支持。     

基于PSR模型的三峡库区生态经济区土地生态安全评价

针对三峡库区生态经济区土地资源的特点及所面临的主要问题,基于PSR框架模型的发展,构建了一套评价指标体系.采用熵权赋权法确定权重,运用土地生态安全综合模型,对该区域2003~2006年的土地生态安全综合指数进行了计算.结果表明,区域土地生态安全综合指数由2003年的0.134(敏感级)升高至2006年的0.269(临界安全级),整体生态安全状态呈好转趋势,土地所受的生态压力整体上有所加大.现有土地生态安全状况的改善主要依赖于对现有土地生态问题的治理.现阶段土地的生态压力依然严峻.对2003~2006年的土地生态安全变化进行分析显示,土地生态安全综合状况已进入快速改善阶段.     

多烟囱排放大气环境影响评价工作等级探讨

在环境影响评价工作中,确定大气环境影响评价工作等级是一项很重要的工作。比较了2个大气环境影响评价工程案例,分析了其大气评价工作等级高低及环境影响程度轻重。结果发现,多源项目与单源项目在估算模式上存在差异,对于部分多烟囱项目,按照现行大气评价工作等级划分方法可能有偏差,应进行修正。     

基于模糊数学和灰色理论的城市生态环境竞争力评价

在综合分析了国内外有关城市竞争力理论研究的基础上,对城市生态环境竞争力的概念和内涵进行了界定,构建了面向生态环境竞争力的评价体系,并以山东省17城市为例,采用灰色系统理论确定各指标的权重,利用模糊综合评价法对各市进行综合评价,研究结果表明,生态环境竞争力排名前三的地市为临沂(0.1894)、日照(0.1705)和烟台(0.1676),而德州(0.1191)、济南(0.1232)、枣庄(0.1274)、滨州(0.1285)和淄博(0.1289)表现相对较差,其他地市处于中游水平.分别从资源禀赋竞争力、污染物减量排放竞争力、环境治理竞争力和能耗竞争力4个子维度对典型城市进行分析,指出了存在的问题,并给出了相应的对策建议.     

An approach to evaluation of sustainability for Guangzhou's urban ecosystem

Guangzhou has ambitions to build itself into a world class metropolis by 2010. Sustainable development is the only way to achieve this magnificent goal. Based on the ecological perspective of sustainable development and the principles of ecosystem integrity, this paper develops an approach for evaluation of sustainable development in Guangzhou between 1986 and 1995. A hierarchical evaluation system of four tiers of sustainability indicators was established. Using the method of fuzzy multistage synthetic evaluation, sustainability development level index, QIx, was calculated for the indicators at the B, C, D, and E tiers. Development stages were identified based on these index values. The coordination degree among the economic, social, and natural subsystems was also computed. Further, an overall sustainability index for each year was computed by combining the development level index and the coordination degree. It was found that the urban ecosystem in Guangzhou had generally become more sustainable, in spite of fluctuations in coordination degree. The development level index of the economic subsystem has surpassed that of social and natural subsystems since 1995. Appropriate measures must be taken to ensure coordinated development among the subsystems for the purpose of sustainable development.     

集对分析在煤炭自然发火危险性评价上的应用

为了解煤炭自然发火危险性程度,及时对采空区在发火前采取相关措施,对其进行发火危险性评价显得尤为重要。提出了基于集对分析的煤炭自然发火危险性评价方法,以集对分析理论为基础,将煤炭自然发火看成一个确定不确定系统,建立了煤炭自然发火评价模型。以梁家煤矿4110采空区为例,将计算结果与基于熵权未知理论的评价结果作比较,得出的结论一致。表明了集对分析运用在煤炭自然发火危险性评价上是可行的,可为矿井生产和其他系统的分析评价提供参考     

某铁矿职业病预评价中危害因素的识别与分析

职业病危害因素识别与分析是职业病危害预评价的基础,识别与分析的结果直接关系到职业病危害预评价结论的合理性和科学性。以某铁矿职业病危害预评价为例,重点阐述了系统工程分析法和类比调查法在预评价中职业病危害因素识别与分析的应用。通过对原辅材料、生产工艺和设备以及类比工程进行分析,识别了某铁矿可能存在的职业病危害因素,并分析了职业病危害程度,得出来了凿岩工是白指病、噪声聋、尘肺的易感人群,球磨工和破碎工罹患尘肺病和噪声聋的概率较大,凿岩工、球磨工和破碎工是本项目重点保护对象和监护人群的结论。     

Empirical analysis on the influence of the Shaanxi fruit industry on regional food security

As part of its development policy to relieve rural poverty in west China, the Chinese government has introduced measures such as agricultural tax exemptions, agricultural subsidies, and scientific, technological and restructuring improvements to agriculture. Following these actions, farmers’ incomes have increased greatly and the economy in poor areas of west China has seen rapid improvements. However, agricultural restructuring, infrastructure construction and ecological restoration projects have reduced the area of land under arable farming, restricting opportunities for increasing total grain yield. Regional food security is therefore threatened and an imbalance between economic development and food security is created. Shaanxi is a representative province in west China where agricultural restructuring has resulted in large areas of arable land being converted into orchards that produce higher economic returns. This study randomly surveyed 1430 farm households in three counties in the apple-producing region of Shaanxi Province (Luochuan, Changwu and Baishui). The standard of living and household income of farmers in the fruit production areas were higher than in grain-producing areas, thus discouraging grain production. Land under agriculture in the counties studied comprised 59% orchards and 39% arable, with 2% under other uses. Per capita, 204.3 kg of grain was produced, 51% of that required for self-sufficiency. Other staple foods produced amounted to only 13.9% of that needed for self-sufficiency. As a result, nearly half of the grain needed by the community was purchased from outside, resulting in very poor regional food security. Clearly, fruit production in this region seriously affects regional food security. Coordination of relationships between rural economic development and regional food security is key for sustainable development of the regional agriculture and economy of west China.     

Prioritising development planning in the Indian semi-arid Deccan using sustainable livelihood security index approach

This paper presents the status of sustainable livelihood security index (SLSI) of Karnataka, the most drought prone state in the Southern part of India. Computation of ecological security index, economic efficiency index and social equity index, and finally SLSI were carried out at the district level for the entire state, using empirical data. The selected indicators were first normalised, and then using estimated weights, indices were computed. The results indicate that the state has a very low SLSI with only 27.6% of total geographical area (TGA) and 21.7% of population being placed in the ‘sustainable’ and ‘highly sustainable’ categories (covering 10 districts) while only 34% of the TGA covering six districts falls in the ‘moderately sustainable’ category. The remaining area, confined mostly to the northern parts of the state, comprising 14 districts (51.8% of the state’s TGA) is categorised as ‘less sustainable’ and ‘very less sustainable’ exposing 44.4% (27.14 million) of state’s population to the perils of uncertain rainfall, high soil erosion rates, high social inequality and poor resource use efficiency. There is an urgent need to reorient development programmes and prioritise development investments in these vulnerable districts so that they are provided resources and opportunities to improve their ecological (more forest cover and less soil erosion), economic (higher agricultural productivity) and social (improved health and education facilities and rural infrastructure) status and achieve sustainable levels of livelihood.