Growth characteristics of algae during early stages of phytoplankton bloom in Lake Taihu, China

Three treatments, sediment plus lake water (S+W), sterilized sediment plus lake water (SS+W), and sediment plus filtered lake water (S+FW), were recruited to investigate the growth characteristics of algae during pre-bloom and the importance of algal inocula in the water column and sediment. The results showed that in the water column, biomass of all algae increased in all treatments when recruitment was initiated, whereas this tendency differed among treatments with further increment of temperature. The process of algal growth consisted of two stages: Stage I, the onset of recruitment and Stage II, the subsequent growth of algae. Compared with S+W, in Stage I, SS+W significantly increased the biomass of cyanophytes by 178.70%, and decreased the biomass of non-cyanophytes by 43.40%; In Stage II, SS+W notably stimulated the growth of all algae, thus incurring the occurrence of phytoplankton bloom. Further analyses revealed that both metabolic activity and photochemical activity of algae were enhanced in SS+W, which resulted from the releasing of nutrients from sediment. These results suggest that algal growth in Stage II and algal inocula in the water column can be important factors for the formation of phytoplankton bloom. In addition, possible mechanisms promoting algal recruitment and subsequent growth of algae were explored.     

Assessment of heavy metal enrichment and its human impact in lacustrine sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, Taibai Lake, Longgan Lake, Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, were chosen to evaluate their enrichment state and history. The state of heavy metal enrichment was at a low level in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake. The enrichment state of Co, Cr and Ni was also low in the sediment of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, while Cu, Pb and Zn enrichment reached a higher level. Mass accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to heavy metals in the sediment. The anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were lower in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake compared with the other two lakes, where heavy metals, especially Cu, Pb and Zn, were mainly from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metal accumulation did not vary greatly in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake, while that in Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake increased since the 1950s and substantially increased since the 1980s, although a decrease occurred since 2000 AD in Xijiu Lake. Heavy metal enrichment was strongly related to human activities in the catchment. The development of urbanization and industrialization was much more rapid in the catchments of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake than of the other two lakes, and thus large amounts of anthropogenically sourced heavy metals were discharged into the lakes, which resulted in a higher contamination risk. However, human activities in the Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake catchments mainly involved agriculture, which contributed a relatively small portion of heavy metals to the lakes.     

滇池PAHs的沉积记录、来源及其生态风险评估

采用GC/MS方法分析了滇池沉积柱中16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源变化及生态风险进行了分析和评估.研究表明:滇池沉积柱中PAHs的含量范围为558～6418 ng·g-1,并在20世纪90年代初达到峰值,这明显不同于发达国家的同类研究,也与国内沿海地区和偏远湖泊的相关研究有所不同.滇池沉积物中的PAHs主要来自当地的家庭燃煤、木材和生物秸秆等的低温燃烧过程,但工业燃煤和机动车尾气等高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs的相对含量近年来有明显增加的趋势.风险评估结果显示,滇池中上层沉积物中的PAHs可能存在潜在的生态风险,而这些生态风险主要来自低环数的NAP、FLU、PHEN和高环数的BbF、BaP、DBA等.     

长江重庆段两江水相、间隙水和沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布与分配

对长江重庆段两江水相、间隙水和沉积相中5种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的分布与分配进行了研究.结果显示水相中PAEs含量为53.2 ～343.0 ng·L-1,间隙水中为916.8～7517.1 ng·L-1,沉积相为1787.0 ～5045.9 ng·g-1,间隙水相PAEs含量高于水相;比较两江PAEs分布,支流嘉陵江污染程度高于长江干流;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)是水体和沉积物中的主要污染物,在间隙水相存在明显富集,这两种污染物在水相中的含量低于地表水质量标准;黏土是影响沉积相中PAEs分布的重要因素,有机质含量对其影响较小;沉积物-间隙水间的lgKoc值与lgKow不相关,DBP在沉积物和间隙水间的分配接近平衡,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)有由沉积相向间隙水相迁移的趋势,DEHP则由间隙水相向沉积相迁移.与国内外其他地区相比,研究区PAEs含量处于中等偏下水平.     

污染水体底泥中重金属治理研究现状

河流、湖泊等水体底泥污染问题已引起全世界的广泛关注,尤其重金属污染问题。目前国内对河流、湖泊底泥重金属的研究偏重于重金属的分布、污染特征以及重金属对生物、生态的影响,对底泥重金属的治理研究相对较少。分析了底泥中重金属的释放机理,简单介绍治理底泥重金属的一些生物技术,着重讨论当今处理底泥重金属的化学方法。     

典型湖泊有机聚集体时空特征及驱动因子

有机聚集体(OA)是水体中物质循环和能量流通的重要枢纽,但在不同营养水平湖泊中的比较研究仍相当匮乏.于2019～2021年间,采集了不同季节贫营养抚仙湖、中营养天目湖、中度富营养太湖和重度富营养星云湖表层水样,利用扫描电镜、表面荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪等研究了4个典型湖泊中OA及其附着细菌的时空变化特征.结果表明：(1)抚仙湖、天目湖、太湖和星云湖中,OA丰度的年均值分别为1.4×10⁴、 7.0×10⁴、 27.7×10⁴和16.0×10⁴ind·mL^-1; OA附着细菌丰度的年均值分别为0.3×10⁶、 1.9×10⁶、 4.9×10⁶和6.2×10⁶ cells·mL^-1;附着细菌占总细菌的比值分别为30%、 31%、 50%和38%.(2)夏季OA丰度显著高于秋冬季;但夏季附着细菌占总细菌的比值为26%,显著低于其它3个季节.(3)湖泊营养状态是影响OA及其附着细...     

生物炭施用对农田土壤团聚体及有机碳影响的整合分析

生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂,已广泛用于农田土壤的改善.为明确生物炭对我国农田土壤固碳效应的影响,基于已公开发表的文献数据,利用Meta分析法研究生物炭施用在不同试验条件下对土壤团聚体、团聚体碳和土壤有机碳的响应.结果表明,与不施生物炭相比,施用生物炭显著增加土壤大团聚体比例（10.8%）和平均重量直径（MWD,13.3%）,对土壤微团聚体和粉黏粒组分无显著作用;施用生物炭能够显著增加土壤各粒径团聚体碳和土壤总有机碳含量,土壤有机碳增幅为56.9%.通过亚组分析和Meta回归分析表明,华北地区施用生物炭土壤有机碳增幅最大（39.4%）;不同试验类型下施用生物炭均能显著提高土壤有机碳含量;相比不施肥,施肥条件下施用生物炭能显著改善土壤结构,提升土壤肥力;生物炭在施用>2 a条件下,能显著提高大团聚体比例（15.7%）、MWD （21.2%）、大团聚体碳（31.7%）和土壤有机碳含量（40.0%）;相比木材、木屑等原料制备的生物炭,农作物秸秆制备的生物炭对土壤的改良效果更佳;在高氮土壤中施用生物炭更有利于提高土壤团聚体稳定性.综上所述,生物炭施用可以改善土壤团聚结构,促进土壤有机碳积累,对农田肥力维持与提升具有重要意义.     

沉积物有效态磷对湖库富营养化的指示及适用性

为探究不同类型湖库沉积物有效态磷对富营养化的指示意义及适用范围,选取了12个不同水深、不同换水周期的湖泊和水库进行4季度的水样、沉积物样品采集,以SMT分级方法提取的氢氧化钠磷(Na OH-P)作为沉积物有效态磷,分析了湖库中沉积物和水相磷含量之间的关系.结果表明,12个湖库的沉积物和水相磷含量差别大,沉积物Na OH-P含量范围为86～584 mg·kg-1(均值263 mg·kg-1),总磷含量225～760 mg·kg-1(均值502 mg·kg-1);水体总磷含量范围为0. 02～0. 35mg·L-1(均值0. 11 mg·L-1); 12个湖库的水体叶绿素a含量差异也很大,分布范围为3～349μg·L-1(均值51μg·L-1);沉积物与对应的水相各形态磷含量之间的相关分析发现,沉积物有效态磷与水相磷含量之间的相关性高于沉积物总磷,Na OHP比总磷能更好地反映湖库的富营养化状态,然而只有在换水慢的浅水湖库中,这种沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷的相关性才达到显著水平,表明"换水周期"和"水体深度"是影响沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷含量相关关系的两个关键因子:在换水快或是深水的湖库中,即使沉积物有效态磷含量较高,但是受多种因素影响,沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷含量的相关关系可能并不显著,而在换水慢的浅水湖库中,沉积物作为源和汇频繁与水体磷进行交换,尤其是在夏季藻类暴发时期,对水相磷升高贡献大,成为该类水体富营养化问题易发生、难治理的潜在缓冲因子.     

垂向环流作用下湖泊沉积物磷迁移行为

以巢湖十五里河入湖河口原位底泥为研究对象,通过室内模型实验,模拟了垂向环流的动水条件下,溶解态无机磷（DIP）在泥水界面的释放-吸附过程,探讨了不同强度环流对河口底泥DIP迁移的影响行为.结果表明：垂向环流扰动会引起上覆水中溶解氧（DO）和悬浮颗粒物（SPM）含量明显上升,且其平衡浓度与扰动强度均呈正相关,但悬浮物中值粒径（D₅₀）则随扰动强度的增大而降低;垂向环流作用下沉积物DIP的释放量随时间呈“Λ”型分布,显著区别于其他动水扰动情形,释放峰值与环流强度成显著正相关（P=0.047<0.05）,但平衡值则与之呈显著负相关（P=0.034<0.05）;环流扰动的增强促进了DIP在沉积物上的吸附,并构建了耦合天然水动力效应的沉积物DIP Freundlich等温吸附经验公式：lgQ_e=2.7074e^1.3487τ+0.9463e^-1.4830τlgC_e.     

大亚湾湿地沉积物氮矿化特征及影响因素探究

为探讨大亚湾滨海湿地沉积物中有机氮矿化作用的时空分布规律及其影响因素,于2017年3月（枯水期）和8月（丰水期）分别采集了大亚湾典型湿地3个断面的表层沉积物,利用连续淹水培养法对沉积物有机氮矿化过程进行了测定.结果发现,不同站位沉积物氮的矿化速率差异较大,其矿化速率范围为1.88~15.12mg/（kg·d）,平均速率为（6.45±3.47）mg/（kg·d）,整体呈现S3（红树林断面）> S1（光滩断面）> S2（河口断面）的分布规律.矿化速率的最高值出现在S3红树林断面,表明红树植物的生长能够促进微生物的矿化作用.蛋白酶和脲酶的活性平均值分别为（8.52±4.21）mg/（kg·d）和（25.34±11.11）μg/（g·d）,蛋白酶活性空间分布上与矿化速率的分布特征一致,表现为S3 > S1 > S2.蛋白酶和脲酶活性最高的区域均出现在S3断面的高潮带,这主要由于红树林影响地区具有较高的生产力和微生物丰度,促进了微生物代谢酶的产生.蛋白酶的活性远高于脲酶活性,表明人类活动对近岸湿地生态系统的物质输入可能主要以大分子类有机氮为主.在河口断面,矿化速率和酶活活性均较低,与该地区较高的NH₄⁺-N含量有关.整体上,湿地沉积物矿化速率与蛋白酶和脲酶之间呈现出显著的正相关性（P<0.01）,说明蛋白酶和脲酶在有机氮的矿化过程中发挥了关键作用.