富营养化水体内源磷释放和稳定化研究进展

水体富营养化是当今世界面临的一个严峻的环境问题,很多研究表明:水体沉积物中磷的释放是引起富营养化的主要因素,因此国内外很多学者对水体沉积物中磷形态,磷释放的影响因素和控制技术进行了研究。研究发现:pH、温度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位和扰动等环境因子对沉积物中磷的释放均有影响,但其影响程度不同。国外关于水体沉积物中磷的控制技术的研究比较多,其中包括供氧技术、原位控制技术和覆盖技术等,还有近几年发现的水生植物控制技术,但国内对沉积物污染控制技术的研究还停留在实验探索阶段,应用的很少。     

我国部分河流重金属水-固分配系数及在河流质量基准研究中的应用

计算了我国部分河流天然物理化学条件下重金属在水相－颗粒物相间的分配系数,长江水系重金属水－固分配系数大于黄河反映了颗粒物度组成的差异,而长江口重金属－固分配系数大于长江武汉段则反映了离子强度的影响,在此基础上,运用平衡分配法根据实测天然分配系数尝试了长江,黄河沉积物某重金属的质量基准。     

东太湖沉积物中氮的积累与水生植物沉积

为揭示浅水湖泊沉积物中氮的积累及其与水生植物间的关系,1993年11月在东太湖42个样点上采集了沉积物柱状样品并进行了分析。东太湖硬度小于5kgf/cm²的松软淤积层平均厚度0.96m,全湖淤积量149×106t。粉沙质淤积物中总氮（TN）含量0.009％～0.801％,总有机碳（TOC）含量0.01％～17.36％,变幅极为悬殊。总氮含量与总有机碳含量间呈密切的线性正相关TN（％）＝0.0251TOC（％）＋0.0063,表层沉积物中总氮和总有机碳含量都与水生植物的现存量有较为显著的正相关。这说明,氮和有机碳主要经过水生植物的生物沉积途径进入沉积物,水生植物有将湖水中的氮传输到底泥中,使其进入地球化学循环的功能,这对于降低湖水中的氮含量、防止富营养化有积极的意义     

运河水中悬浮物和底泥上有机污染物的探查

利用ＧＣ／ＭＳ／ＤＳ系统和保留指数,对运河（常州段）悬浮物和底泥上的有机污染物进行了概要分析。结果显示,该段河流的悬浮物和底泥上含有直链烷烃、多环芳烃、直链醛酮、烷基磺酸、苯酯类、邻苯二甲酸酯类、硝基联苯、二苯砜、醇类、羧酸类等有机污染物和致癌物。河流悬浮物和底泥上所鉴定出的有机污染物数量相当,浓度范围基本一致。同一段面底泥上的浓度稍高于悬浮物上的浓度;枯水期悬浮物上的浓度稍高于丰水期悬浮物上浓度     

水系沉积物中铅含量的快速荧光测定方法的研究

建立了简单、快速测定Ｐｂ＾２＋的荧光测定方法。在ｐＨ＜６．８的酸度条件下,Ｐｂ＾２＋与浓度为１．４－２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｃｌ＾－形成的铅氯配合物在２６２．５ｎｍ的紫外光激光下发射出４８５．０ｎｍ可用于痕量铅离子测定的荧光,在选定激发单色器通带１０．０ｎｍ,发射单色器通带２０．０ｎｍ的仪器条件下,荧光强度与１．０×１０＾－７－１．０×１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围的Ｐｂ＾２＋的线性关系可用△Ｆ＝１．０１×１     

水系沉积物中痕量铈、铅快速同时测定的荧光分析法研究

在研究氯化钾介质中铈(Ⅲ)、铅(Ⅱ)的荧光性质基础上,提出了快速测定铈、铅的荧光分析法。在实验条件下,用262．5nm紫外光激发,以120nm／min扫描300～520nm的发射光谱。其在352．4nm处峰高与2．0×10－8～2．0×10－6mol／LCe3－,在485．0nm处峰高与4．0×10－7～1．0×10－5mol／LPb2－,存在线性关系。该法用于标准水系沉积物分析,结果与标准值无显著性差异。Ce￣(3＋)和Pb￣(2＋)的检出限分别为1．5×10－8和2．0×10－7mol／L。      

Comparison of test procedures for sediment toxicity evaluation with Vibrio fischeri bacteria

The use of bacterial luminescence assays is particularly effective in the contaminated sediment evaluation. In the present study, a comparison was made of different baterial luminescence assays including acute toxicity of elutriates with Microtox® and LUMIStox®; chronic toxicity of elutriates with LUMIStox®; and, acute toxicity of solvent extracts with both the tests and the Solid Phase test with Microtox. The toxicity assay procedures were utilised for the Po River sediment toxicity evaluation, testing samples with different physical and chemical characteristics. The results evidentiated that each sediment test procedures provided indipendent and complementary ecotoxicological responces usefull for a sediment classification of the most polluted samples.     

The kinetics of reductive dehalogenation of a set of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic sediment slurries

Disappearance rate constants are reported for the reductive transformation of 17 halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic sediment-water samples. Statistical experimental design in combination with multivariate chemical characterization of their chemical properties was used to select the compounds. Degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics through at least two half-lives for 15 of the 17 compounds. Of all the compounds investigated, 1,2,3-trichloropropane and dichloromethane were unique in that they were dehalogenated according to zero-order kinetics. Reductive dehalogenation was the sole transformation reaction taking place.     

白洋淀沉积物耗氧速率及氧亏效应研究

沉积物耗氧是影响水体溶解氧平衡的重要因素,受到沉积物有机质矿化的影响.本文采用柱培养法测定了白洋淀不同水文地貌分区和生境类型的表层沉积物耗氧速率(sediment oxygen demand,SOD),并基于地表水质量标准评估了白洋淀沉积物耗氧对水体产生的氧亏效应,探讨了白洋淀SOD与有机质(OM)的关系.结果表明,白...     

“R1-R4” AND “BOISED” SEDIMENT PREDICTION MODEL TESTS USING FOREST ROADS IN GRANITICS1

ABSTRACT: Erosion and sedimentation data from research watersheds in the Silver Creek Study Area in central Idaho were used to test the prediction of logging road erosion using the R1-R4 sediment yield model, and sediment delivery using the “BOISED” sediment yield prediction model. Three small watersheds were instrumented and monitored such that erosion from newly constructed roads and sediment delivery to the mouths of the watersheds could be measured for four years following road construction. The errors for annual surface erosion predictions for the two standard road tests ranged from +31.2 t/ha/yr (+15 percent) to -30.3 t/ha/yr (-63 percent) with an average of zero t/ha/yr and a standard deviation of the differences of 18.7 t/ha/yr. The annual prediction errors for the three watershed scale tests had a greater range from -40.8 t/ha/yr (-70 percent) to +65.3 t/ha/yr (+38 percent) with a mean of -1.9 t/ha/yr and a standard deviation of the differences of 25.2 t/ha/yr. Sediment yields predicted by BOISED (watershed scale tests) were consistently greater (average of 2.5 times) than measured sediment yields. Hillslope sediment delivery coefficients in BOISED appear to be overly conservative to account for average site conditions and road locations, and thus over-predict sediment delivery. Mass erosion predictions from BOISED appear to predict volume well (465 tonnes actual versus 710 tonnes predicted, or a 35 percent difference) over 15 to 20 years, however mass wasting is more episodic than the model predicts.