南通市区河流底泥营养物质污染特征及环境风险分析

以南通市区的学田河、南川河、法伦寺河、城山河及西山河为研究对象,测定了河流表层底泥中的有机质、总氮、氨氮、硝氮、总磷、无机磷及活性有机磷等营养物质指标,分析了污染最重的监测点的污染原因。此外,采用有机指数法、营养物质比值法进行了环境风险评价。得出各条河流底泥均为肥污染级,尤其污染最重的是西山河;各研究河流底泥的碳氮比都很高,说明其营养物质主要来源于周围环境;学田河和西山河底泥的氮磷比较高,说明它们的富营养化程度相对较高。通过回归分析,得出学田河、南川河、法伦寺河及城山河底泥中有机质与总氮及南川河有机质与总磷之间具有良好的线性相关性。     

洪泽湖硝基苯类化合物的污染特征

对洪泽湖水质、底泥及水生生物样品10种硝基苯类化合物的浓度进行了测定,水样中总硝基苯类化合物的含量在0.179~5.17μg/L,北部湖区和南部湖区的总硝基苯类化合物的浓度较高,其中成河北(S7)的浓度最高。底泥中的含量在0.137~4.50μg/kg,北部湖区及出湖口附近形成一个硝基苯类化合物的污染带,其中成河东(S6)的浓度最高。水生生物体内的总硝基苯含量按鲫鱼、白鱼、泥鳅、龙虾、河蚌、螺蛳依次升高。     

分散液液微萃取与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用测定土壤和沉积物中三丁基锡

建立了分散液液微萃取与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术测定土壤和沉积物中三丁基锡的方法。考察了影响分散液液微萃取的因素(包括有机萃取溶剂、萃取剂体积、分散剂、分散剂体积、萃取时间和盐效应)。在最佳实验条件下,方法在0.5~50μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,相关性系数为0.999 0,方法检出限(3倍信噪比)为0.1μg/kg,加标回收率为83.1%~104%,相对标准偏差小于8.5%(n=6),适用于土壤和沉积物中三丁基锡的检测。     

Spatial Extent of Sediment Toxicity in U.S. Estuaries and Marine Bays

Acute, laboratory toxicity tests were performed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on 1543 surficial sediment samples collected during 1991 through 1997 throughout 25 estuaries and marine bays. Selected areas were sampled along the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific coasts. The toxicity of each sample was determined with 10-day amphipod survival tests performed with solid-phase (bulk) sediments. Collectively, the 1543 samples tested through 1997 represented a total area of approximately 7300 km². Toxicity was observed with the amphipod survival tests in samples that represented approximately 6% of the combined area. Using similar tests conducted on samples collected in different, but overlapping, study areas, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that approximately 7% of the combined estuarine area sampled was toxic. Generally, toxicity was most severe in northeastern and southwestern estuaries and least prevalent in southeastern and northwestern areas. However, considerable portions of the Pacific coast have not been tested with the same methods. In tests of CYP1A enzyme induction (n=464), samples were toxic that represented about 5% of the combined study areas. Toxicity was much more widespread, however, when the results of two sub-lethal tests were analyzed. Significant results occurred in samples that represented approximately 25% and 39% of the study areas in tests of sea urchin fertilization (n=1309) and microbial bioluminescence (n=1215), respectively.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中四乙基铅

通过探讨影响四乙基铅富集效率的捕集管类型、吹扫温度和吹扫时间等因素,建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水质中四乙基铅的分析方法。实验结果表明,使用Tenax捕集管,在吹扫温度为50℃、吹扫15 min的条件下测定水质中的四乙基铅,捕集效率为97.6%~98.2%,在0~100μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.03μg/L,加标回收率为93.2%~100.5%,相对标准偏差为1.6%~3.2%。方法操作简便快捷、准确、实用且绿色环保不消耗有机溶剂,适于水质中四乙基铅的测定。     

吹扫捕集气质联用法同时测定水中氯乙烯、乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈、吡啶和松节油

建立了一种采用吹扫捕集气质联用法同时测定水中氯乙烯、乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈、吡啶和松节油的分析方法,研究并优化了吹扫捕集前处理条件参数。结果表明,吹扫时间、吹扫温度和脱附时间是影响目标物的吹扫捕集效率的关键因素;优化后方法线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限范围为0.20~1.48μg/L,加标回收率范围为86.9%~105%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~9.8%。建立的吹扫捕集GC-MS联用法简便、快速、灵敏度高、定性定量准确可靠,可同时满足对自来水、地表水、地下水等水样中痕量氯乙烯、乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈、吡啶和松节油监测的要求。     

P&T-GC-MS法测定水中54种挥发性有机物

建立了同时测定水中54种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用法,并对吹扫捕集条件进行了优化。优化后的方法,54种VOCs在0.50~40.00μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数R2均0.995 6,检出限为0.021~0.105μg/L,加标回收率为76.4%~110.8%,相对标准偏差为2.33%~15.8%。该法操作简单,消耗费用低,分析速度快,具有良好的灵敏度、回收率和重现性,能够满足生活饮用水中54种VOCs的同时测定。     

渭河陕西段表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在风险

为了解渭河陕西段表层沉积物重金属的污染特征,采用ICP-MS分析了13个采样断面表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属的含量,并对其来源和生态风险进行了评价。结果表明：渭河陕西段8种重金属的平均含量顺序依次为Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > As > Cd;除Ni外的其余7种重金属的平均含量均超过陕西省A层土壤背景值。各断面表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险指数（RI）介于111.4~7 043.7,其中23.1%的断面有极强生态风险,46.2%的断面为中等生态风险,其余为轻微生态风险。Cd污染最为严重,对各断面的潜在生态风险介于较强生态风险与极强生态风险之间,对RI的贡献平均为85.2%;其余7种重金属在所有断面均属于轻微生态危害。渭河陕西段表层沉积物As、Cd、Cu和Zn主要为工业与农业来源;Cr和Ni主要为自然来源;Pb和Mn与城市污水和交通污染来源有关。     

污泥与底泥烧结陶粒骨料的中试研究

建立了中试研究生产线,工艺流程包括干燥、粉磨、混合上料、成型、烧结和烟气处理等,在中试生产线上,对污泥(包括工业污泥(ISS)和生活污泥(DSS))与底泥烧结制备陶粒骨料的物料配比、烧结温度、添加剂等相关技术参数进行了系统研究。研究发现,ISS中CaO和磷的化合物含量较高,导致骨料的膨胀性能不佳,添加一定量的生活污水污泥(DSS)可改善骨料的膨胀性能。中试研究确定600～800级的陶粒骨料烧结的适宜工艺条件为:配比SS∶DSS∶RS=1∶4∶5～1∶5∶4或DSS∶RS=3∶7～5∶5,烧结温度1 140℃,烧结时间28 min环境安全性研究表明,在陶粒烧结过程中大部分重金属在烧结过程中被固定在陶粒中,重金属浸出率非常低,在使用过程中不会对环境产生危害。     

The Historical Dynamics of Social–Ecological Traps

Environmental degradation is a typical unintended outcome of collective human behavior. Hardin’s metaphor of the “tragedy of the commons” has become a conceived wisdom that captures the social dynamics leading to environmental degradation. Recently, “traps” has gained currency as an alternative concept to explain the rigidity of social and ecological processes that produce environmental degradation and livelihood impoverishment. The trap metaphor is, however, a great deal more complex compared to Hardin’s insight. This paper takes stock of studies using the trap metaphor. It argues that the concept includes time and history in the analysis, but only as background conditions and not as a factor of causality. From a historical–sociological perspective this is remarkable since social–ecological traps are clearly path-dependent processes, which are causally produced through a conjunction of events. To prove this point the paper conceptualizes social–ecological traps as a process instead of a condition, and systematically compares history and timing in one classic and three recent studies of social–ecological traps. Based on this comparison it concludes that conjunction of social and environmental events contributes profoundly to the production of trap processes. The paper further discusses the implications of this conclusion for policy intervention and outlines how future research might generalize insights from historical–sociological studies of traps.