环氧树脂材料的老化及防老化研究进展

重点阐述了关于环氧树脂的物理老化、热氧老化、湿热老化、光氧老化等老化行为及老化机理的国内外研究进展。结合环氧树脂老化的内外因及其老化作用机理,总结了添加有机小分子稳定剂或无机纳米粒子以及与聚合物共聚共混改性等老化防护方法的研究现状。指出了目前微观原位检测技术在环氧树脂老化机理研究上应用不足的问题,并对环氧树脂的老化防护方法进行了展望。     

基于多通道原位红外光谱技术的环氧涂层恒温固化反应研究

目的 拓展多通道原位红外光谱技术的应用,探究环氧树脂在固化行为中的分子结构变化以及不同固化深度下的动力学参数与恒温固化模型。方法 采用多通道原位红外光谱的表征方法,对N,N,O-三缩水甘油基对氨基苯酚(环氧树脂AFG-90)与甲基纳迪克酸酐(MNA)的环氧涂层的固化过程进行30、40、50、60、70 ℃等5个温度下的原位红外光谱监测,基于特征官能团吸光度的变化,研究恒温固化模型。结果 通过特征官能团吸光度与温度、时间的关系,计算得出AFG-90与MNA的环氧树脂固化体系在不同温度下的固化模型、达到不同固化度下的固化时间,求解得在不同固化深度下的活化能Ea主要在58~74 kJ/mol变化,且其均值为69.43 kJ/mol。结论 获得了AFG-90与MNA的环氧树脂固化体系在固化过程中动力学参数和模型,同时试验结果表明,多通道原位红外光谱技术是研究高分子材料固化反应动力学的有效表征方法。     

Formation mechanism and control strategy for particulate nitrate in China

Over the past decade, fine particulate matter (PM) pollution in China has been abated significantly, benefiting from strict emission control measures, but particulate nitrate continues to rise. Here, we review the progress in particulate nitrate (pNO₃⁻) pollution characterization, nitrate formation mechanisms, and the proposed control strategies in China. The spatial and temporal distributions of pNO₃⁻ are summarized. The current status of knowledge on the chemical mechanism is updated, and the significance of its formation pathways is assessed by various approaches such as field observation and modelling of nitrate production rate, as well as isotopic analysis. The factors impacting pNO₃⁻ formation and the corresponding pollution regulation strategies are discussed, in which the importance of atmospheric oxidation capacity and ammonia are addressed. Finally, the challenges and open questions in pNO₃⁻ pollution control in China are outlined.     

Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods

The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NO_x, SO₂, NH₃, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.     

天然海水中铜离子的添加对EH40钢腐蚀的影响

目的 研究天然海水中添加1.5、15 mmol/L铜离子对EH40钢腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物形貌及成分的影响规律,并揭示其作用机制.方法 采用天然海水实验室挂片的方式进行4周的腐蚀实验,定期对试样进行表征,并检测海水环境参数.结果 在海水中添加1.5、15 mmol/L铜离子后,EH40钢的腐蚀速率加快,同时表面腐蚀产物出现特殊分层现象,并包含铜单质层.结论 海水中添加1.5、15 mmol/L铜离子,对EH40钢腐蚀的促进作用主要通过三种机制,铜离子水解形成酸性腐蚀环境、铁和铜离子的置换反应消耗试样基体、Fe-Cu电偶腐蚀池加速阳极铁的溶解.     

双酚类化合物的毒理学效应及微生物降解机制的研究进展

双酚类化合物作为重要的有机化工原料,广泛应用于各行各业。然而双酚类化合物是一类内分泌干扰物,毒性评价结果表明其与许多疾病发病率的升高密切相关。伴随双酚类化合物的大量使用,诸多环境样品中都检测出双酚类化合物。由于双酚类化合物的结构稳定,很难在自然界中被完全降解,会不断累积,对生态安全和人体健康产生危害,亟待有效修复。有机污染物的物理化学修复方法易对环境造成二次污染,微生物降解因其获取容易、无二次污染等特点成为双酚类化合物修复的有效途径。本文总结概述了几种典型双酚类化合物的毒性评价及微生物降解机制。     

Low-temperature (NO + O2) adsorption performance of alkaline earth metal-doped C-FDU-15

To improve the removal capacity of NO + O₂ effectively, the alkaline earth metal-doped order mesoporous carbon (A-C-FDU-15(0.001) (A = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba)) and Mg-C-FDU-15(x) (x = 0.001?0.003) samples were prepared, and their physicochemical and NO + O₂ adsorption properties were determined by means of various techniques. The results show that the sequence in (NO + O₂) adsorption performance was as follows: Mg-C-FDU-15(0.001) (93.2 mg/g) > Ca-C-FDU-15(0.001) (82.2 mg/g) > Sr-C-FDU-15(0.001) (76.1 mg/g) > Ba-C-FDU-15(0.001) (72.9 mg/g) > C-FDU-15 (67.1 mg/g). Among all of the A-C-FDU-15(0.001) samples, Mg-C-FDU-15(0.001) possessed the highest (NO + O₂) adsorption capacity (106.2 mg/g). The species of alkaline earth metals and basic sites were important factors determining the adsorption of NO + O₂ on the A-C-FDU-15(x) samples, and (NO + O₂) adsorption on the samples was mainly chemical adsorption. Combined with the results of (NO + O₂)-temperature-programmed desorption ((NO + O₂)-TPD) and in situ diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) characterization, we deduced that there were two main pathways of (NO + O₂) adsorption: one was first the conversion of NO and O₂ to NO₂ and then part of NO₂ was converted to NO₂^? and NO₃^?; and the other was the direct oxidation of NO to NO₂^? and NO₃^?.     

挥发性有机物催化消除研究进展

催化消除治理VOCs具有起燃温度低、节能、适用范围广的优点,课题从VOCs催化消除反应机理、催化剂制备方面进行了论述,并针对当前催化消除治理VOCs面临的问题及其发展趋势进行了总结和展望,以期为VOCs治理技术开发提供借鉴。     

流态变化对污水管网沉积污染物分布及转化的影响

为探明城市污水汇流管网流速变化对沉积层污染物及生物菌群演替的影响,通过控制污水管道中试系统中干管、支管流速,模拟了不同汇流条件下城市污水管网系统运行状态,探究了不同汇流条件下沉积层碳、氮、硫类污染物的分布特征以及微生物种群结构的分布规律.结果表明,在不同汇流条件下,COD、TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、硫酸盐含量沿沉积层深度方向均逐渐减小,而硫化物含量逐渐升高.当干管、支管流速均增加时,促进了汇流区域不同深度污染物的沉积富集,但由于DO、ORP环境因子的改变,以及流速的增大,将沉积层中原有的碳源基质剥离到污水中,减少了微生物可利用的营养物质,同时造成沉积层内部溶解氧含量的上升,沉积层中产甲烷菌（MA）中优势菌属Methanosaeta、硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）中优势菌属Desulfomicrobium、水解发酵菌（FB）中优势菌属Caldisericum的相对丰度逐渐降低,硫氧化细菌（SOB）中优势菌属Thiobacillus相对丰度增加,显著影响了沉积污染物的转化特性.污水管网汇流区域流态是改变污水水质及管道微生物系统的重要因素.     

Assessing the role of mineral particles in the atmospheric photooxidation of typical carbonyl compound

Mineral particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and exhibit an important effect on the photooxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the role of mineral particles in the photochemical oxidation mechanism of VOCs remains unclear. Hence, the photooxidation reactions of acrolein (ARL) with OH radical (OH) in the presence and absence of SiO₂ were investigated by theoretical approach. The gas-phase reaction without SiO₂ has two distinct pathways (H-abstraction and OH-addition pathways), and carbonyl-H-abstraction is the dominant pathway. In the presence of SiO₂, the reaction mechanism is changed, i.e., the dominant pathway from carbonyl-H-abstraction to OH-addition to carbonyl C-atom. The energy barrier of OH-addition to carbonyl C-atom deceases 21.33 kcal/mol when SiO₂ is added. Carbonyl H-atom of ARL is occupied by SiO₂ via hydrogen bond, and carbonyl C-atom is activated by SiO₂. Hence, the main product changes from H-abstraction product to OH-adduct in the presence of SiO₂. The OH-adduct exhibits a thermodynamic feasibility to yield HO₂ radical and carboxylic acid via the subsequent reactions with O₂, with implications for O₃ formation and surface acidity of mineral particles.