Experimental investigations on direct injection diesel engines using grape seed oil methyl ester with different bowl geometries

In this paper, the performance of direct injection diesel engine was experimentally investigated under the influence of two different pistons’s geometry deep bowl combustion chamber (DBCC) and toroidal combustion chamber (TCC) compared with standard piston combustion chamber (SPCC) geometry. The experiments were carried out standard atmospheric conditions of 1.01325 bar and 30 ± 2 °C. The piston bowl was designed and developed without modifying the compression ratio of the engine. The investigations were carried out with B25 (25% GOME + 75% diesel), B50 (50% GOME + 50% diesel), B75 (75% GOME +25% diesel) and B100 (100% GOME) by volume blends for three different bowl geometries. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was given the importance of higher in-cylinder temperature for the mass change of GOME leads to a more premixed phase of combustion. The results showed that DBCC has better combustion characteristics when compared with SPCC and TCC for all the blends. The B25 and B50 blends showed good combustion characteristics with DBCC and SPCC individually. While TCC showed average engine characteristics for all the blends categorically, the brake thermal efficiency for B25 blend confirmed a 4.7% higher than SPCC-diesel with DBCC piston, and the smoke, CO (Carbon monoxide), and HC (Hydrocarbon) are reduced by 9.2%, 30.7%, and 4.6%, respectively. Thus, the B25 blend in a DBCC piston engine was observed to be the distinction than other configurations. The results confirmed that the DBCC is a good option for B25 blend.     

Morphological and biological features of plants related to their adaptation to coastal habitats

The results of studies on the biomorphological features of 22 plant species growing on the southern coast of the Russian Far East provide evidence for the diversity of pathways of their adaptation to stressful habitat conditions. An analysis of the anatomical and mesostructural characteristics of their leaves has revealed representatives of euhalophytes, crinohalophytes, and glycohalophytes among these plants. Adaptation is achieved by means of halomorphosis, haloxerophytism, and development of some heliophilic features accounted for by species-specific manifestations of succulence, the presence of salt excreting trichomes, and thick pubescence. The similarity of these adaptations to those of desert plants is discussed. Along with plants characterized by a high germination rate, species that counterbalance a low efficiency of seed reproduction by active vegetative propagation have also successfully established themselves on the coast. Adaptation to coastal habitats is also achieved due to the diversity of life forms characterized mainly by tap root systems with laterally extending branch roots, creeping shoots, and a high vegetative mobility.     

洪湖沼泽土及涝洼水稻土水生作物开发研究

简要介绍了洪湖湖区的生态环境，阐述了湖周沼泽土和涝洼水稻土的性质及其开发利用现状。还报导了作者在该湖湖周进行水生作物开发利用研究的结果     

Variation in Parameters of Siberian Larch Trees in Different Forest Types in the Angara River Basin

Taxonometric parameters and morphological characters of cones and seeds were studied in larch trees growing in uneven-aged larch forests of the green-moss and herbaceous types. Significant differences in trunk volume and the number of cones in the crown was revealed. Differences in the parameters of cones and the quality of seeds proved to be insignificant. Correlations between the taxonometric parameters of trees and the morphological characters of cones and seeds were analyzed.     

"磁种-高梯度磁分离"污水除磷技术的研究

通过添加磁种和混凝剂,用高梯度磁分离方法去除污水中正磷酸盐污染物,并对工艺参数进行了探讨.     

基于移动激光雷达观测的徐州市区气溶胶分布特征

将微脉冲激光雷达与GPS等仪器集成在车辆上组成移动观测系统,以徐州市为研究区域,开展大气环境立体走航式观测获取了2015年1月11日（重度污染）、12日（空气质量良好）、17日（轻度污染）3d的市区不同路线的1.5km以下的气溶胶消光廓线信号.结果表明,空气质量良好和轻度污染情况时,徐州市近地面气溶胶消光系数相对高值点主要位于商业区域和工业区域.商业区域的污染物主要来自车辆尾气的排放,车流量的大小决定了消光系数值的高低;工业区域的污染物主要来自火电厂的排放,占比达到70%以上.重度污染天气情况下,近地面气溶胶消光系数主要受污染过程的时间演变控制.气溶胶的垂直分布与边界层的演变密切相关,下午的边界层高度比上午普遍要高,晴朗且空气质量良好的情况下,边界层最高,达到1km以上.气溶胶消光系数高值基本出现在250m以下的近地面.工业区域火电厂排放的烟尘主要出现在1km左右.使用不同的仪器测量得到的气溶胶光学厚度趋势大致相同,激光雷达反演的气溶胶光学厚度波动最大.微脉冲激光雷达与GPS等仪器组成的移动观测平台能够有效地探测城市小范围的气溶胶时空分布,而且便捷有效,具有灵活机动性和推广应用价值.     

Native Seed Collection and Use in Arid Land Reclamation: A Low-Tech Approach

Loss of vegetation production in arid lands has been difficult to remediate and has signifi- cant economic impacts on human populations. Restoration efforts based on non-local materials and large-scale mechanization have not been capable of efficiently reversing the trend of environmental degradation. The use of traditional knowledge and simplified methods of seed harvesting, storing, marketing and soil preparation have proven that regeneration of native species and efficient land reclamation is possible in areas that have traditionally been considered degraded beyond redemption. This paper describes a method of land reclamation that combines tradition and simple mechanics that can be applied in all arid areas that face desertification. Because the work builds on cultural practices long used in non-industrialized societies, it is particularly adapted to rural areas. The methods described have the potential to open new low-tech economic opportunities to all segments of local non-urban populations while combating desertification and creating a more ecologically sound environment.     

Grazing effects on sustainable semiarid rangeiands in Patagonia: The state and dynamics of the soil seed bank

The composition of the germinable seed bank was studied in four vegetation states of the Festuca pallescens grasslands in semiarid Patagonia during four years. The aim of this study was to test whether above-ground vegetation states resulting from grazing exclusion or different combinations of grazing and topography are reflected in different states of the germinable seed bank. The size of the total and dicot germinable seed bank was positively related to the total cover in each state. Dicots dominated all germinable seed bank states. Carex patagonica increased its cover as well as its germinable seed bank under grazing disturbance. Grazing did not reduce the germinable seed bank of perennial grasses in uplands where the grazing pressure is lower as compared with slopes. In slopes the germinable seed bank of perennial grasses was significantly reduced by grazing. A reduction of the length of the grazing period in late spring increases the germinable seed bank of perennial grasses both in upland and slope. These results are interpreted in the frame of a model of management techniques where grazing exclusion during late spring and late summer increases the seed bank of the perennial grasses and promotes their establishment in uplands. The artificial addition of seeds of perennial grasses and the manipulation of the soil surface in order to increase "safe sites" appear as management alternatives that deserve further evaluation to improve plant reestablishment in slopes.     

黄山自然风景保护区种子植物多样性的开发利用

黄山自然风景保护区自然条件优越,森林植被垂直分布明显,种子植物丰富,有134科655属1483种,其中国家重点保护植物有31种.由于旅游的发展,种子植物多样性受到威胁,应加强种子植物的保护.