2018年石家庄市秋冬季典型霾污染特征

依托河北省灰霾污染防治重点实验室,对2018年10月31日至12月3日期间石家庄市大气PM_(2.5)的质量浓度和化学组分进行连续在线观测,解析石家庄市秋末冬初典型灰霾过程的特征.观测期间,石家庄市共发生4次霾污染过程,PM_(2.5)均为首要污染物,日均浓度最大值分别为154、228、379和223μg·m~(-3),达到重度污染甚至严重污染.PM_(2.5)主要组分为无机水溶性离子(WSII)和含碳气溶胶,两者质量浓度的平均占比分别为(60. 7±15. 6)%和(21. 6±9. 7)%.相比优良天,两者浓度分别上升了4. 4倍和3. 1倍,是霾污染形成的主要原因.WSII中NO_3~-为首要成分,SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+次之,三者(SNA)质量浓度之和占WSII质量浓度的(91. 5±17. 3)%,污染期间SNA的暴发式增长是推高PM_(2.5)浓度的主要原因.非高湿条件下,单位质量NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的变化速率差异不明显,高湿条件触发SO_2的液相氧化过程后,SO_4~(2-)二次转化被显著促进.大气处于富NH_3状态,PM_(2.5)中n(NH_4~+)与n(NO_3~-+2×SO_4~(2-))的比值 1,过量NH_3加剧NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的转化.霾污染时段,燃煤和机动车排放的一次污染物的积累为含碳气溶胶浓度上升的主要原因,相比优良天,二次有机碳的生成受到抑制.在采暖季开始之前的两次霾污染过程,移动源为PM_(2.5)首要污染源,平均占比30. 8%和39. 8%.随着燃煤采暖污染排放的增加,燃煤源贡献逐步增高至25. 2%,攀升为首要污染源.     

Distribution characteristics of dinoflagellate cysts in the Yantian Port,Shenzhen, China北大核心CSCD

An annual quarterly survey of six stations in Yantian Port, Shenzhen, China was conducted from January 2020 to October 2020 to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the surface sediment of Yantian Port. In total, 36 species representing five groups and two uncertain taxa were identified. The dominant species were Scrippsiella trochoidea, Alexandrium spp., Gymnodinium catenatum, Cochlodinium spp., and Lingulodinium polyedrum. The seasonal difference was not obvious in terms of temporal distribution. The number of species ranged from 32 to 36, and the abundance varied from 297 to 996 cysts/g. The annual average values of the diversity index, richness index, and evenness index were 3.65, 1.55, and 0.93, respectively. The annual number and abundance of heterotrophic species were higher than those of autotrophic species. The number and abundance of species at stations near the dock zone were lower than those near the adjacent area. Notably, six toxic dinoflagellate cysts were found in the surface sediment of Yantian Port, indicating a potential outbreak risk for their vegetative cells in the local coastal area. This study provides a picture of the “Seed Bank” of dinoflagellates near Yantian Port, Shenzhen, and provides a reference value for predicting the occurrence of algal blooms. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Bioaerosol emissions variations in large-scale landfill region and their health risk impacts

● The airborne bacteria in landfills were 4–50 times higher than fungi. ● Bioaerosols released from the working area would pose risk to on-site workers. ● The safe distance for the working area should be set as 80 m. Landfills are widely complained about due to the long-term odor and landfill gas emissions for local residents, while the bioaerosols are always neglected as another threat to on-site workers. In this study, bioaerosols samples were collected from the typical operation scenes in the large-scale modern landfill, and the emission levels of airborne bacteria, pathogenic species, and fungi were quantified and co-related. The corresponding exposure risks were assessed based on the average daily dose via inhalation and skin contact. It was found that the levels of culturable bacteria and fungi in all landfill samples were around 33–22778 CFU/m³ and 8–450 CFU/m³, and the active-working landfill area and the covered area were the maximum and minimum emission sources, respectively, meaning that the bioaerosols were mainly released from the areas related with the fresh waste operation. Acinetobacter sp., Massilia sp., Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum sp. and Noviherbaspirillum sp. were the main bacterial populations, with a percentage of 42.56%, 89.82%, 70.24% and 30.20% respectively in total bioaerosols measured. With regards to the health risk, the health risks via inhalation were the main potential risks, with four orders of magnitude higher than that of skin contact. Active-working area showed the critical point for non-carcinogenic risks, with a hazard quotient of 1.68, where 80 m protection distance is recommended for on-site worker protection, plus more careful protection measures.     

超大城市SO2排放对硫酸盐区域分布影响的观测与模拟

2002年8月14—24日在临安采集气溶胶样品,对气溶胶质往往w量和离子成分的尺度分布进行分析.结果表明:SO₄2-主要集中在粒径<2.1 μm的细粒子中,约占所有尺度段上SO42-质量总和的94%;细粒子(PM_2.1)中,ρ(SO₄2-)和ρ(NH₄+)最高,二者之和占所分析离子质量浓度总和的89%. 利用公共多尺度空气质量模式(CMAQ)的过程分析对影响硫酸盐气溶胶分布特征的主要因子进行定量评估,结果表明:经过云内液相氧化和湿清除形成硫酸盐气溶胶的速率为0.19 μg/(m3·h),其对硫酸盐气溶胶的贡献最大;SO₂液相氧化反应中速率最大的是H₂O₂〔5.26 μg/(m3·h)〕,其次是O₂〔4.14 μg/(m3·h)〕和O₃〔1.56 μg/(m3·h)〕. 模拟分析证明,采样期间研究区域SO₄2-主要是由上海及其以南的浙江沿海一带通过SO₂云内与H₂O₂和O₂的液相氧化反应生成. 通过模式敏感性试验发现,在个例的风场配置下,上海排放的SO₂对临安地区的SO₂和硫酸盐的贡献率分别达15%和22%.      

哈龙固定灭火系统替代技术

介绍了哈龙固定灭火系统淘汰背景,哈龙灭火系统替代技术发展现状。结合消除建审工作经验,阐述了作为哈龙替代系统且目前在国内工程实践中应用的CO2灭火系统、INERGEN灭火系统、FM-200灭火系统及EBM灭火系统主要性能及与哈龙系统的差异,探讨哈龙替代系统技术发展趋势,对气体灭火系统设计选型有一定参考价值。     

Dry Deposition Monitoring in Europe

Between 1993 and 1999 two EU funded projects wereexecuted aimed at (i) the development of drydeposition monitoring methods for core sites andlarge scale application, (ii) the installation andrunning of three core sites in Europe and (iii) the improvement and validation of models used forregional application. This article provides anoverview of the development of depositionmonitoring stations and the main results of thethree core sites, which were operated between1995 and 1998. Furthermore, the results of thedevelopment of a low cost monitoring system arepresented. Continuous measurements were made ofboth wet and dry deposition of sulphur andnitrogen components and base cations. The 4 yearsof data show a decrease in sulphur loads and notrend for the other components. It is shown thatthe surface affinities for sulphur depositionalso changed during the years, underpinning theneed for dry deposition monitoring. A conditionaltime average gradient system was successfullydeveloped and tested and provides a good meansfor low cost monitoring of dry deposition fluxes.The costs can be reduced by a factor of 3–4 without losing the accuracy of the annual average gas fluxes.     

气溶胶和餐厅烟尘中有机氯农药特征与来源

使用GCIECD（气相色谱／电子捕获检测器）及毛细色谱柱定量分析粤港地区气溶胶和餐厅烟尘中有机氯农药的组成和分布特征,并分析其主要来源研究表明,从研究区大气环境中的气溶胶样品及餐厅烟尘颗粒物中,检出12种有机氯农药．其中6种DDT（滴滴涕）及其代谢物,3种BHC（六六六）和其它3种含氯农药,浓度范围在0.20～60.78pg/m³．靠近农田和果园的气溶胶及餐厅烟尘颗粒物中4,4'－DDT和2,4'－DDT浓度较高,说明大气环境中的DDT不仅来源于农药施撒过程和农田表层土壤,而且还来源于动物脂肪高温裂解的释放。     

凋落物覆盖及掩埋对不同质量的藜蒴种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以南亚热带常见的先锋乡土树种藜蒴(Castanopsis fissa)为研究对象.通过室内萌发试验,分析了种子质量、凋落物覆盖和掩埋对种子萌发及幼苗早期生长的影响.结果表明,藜蒴种子能否成功萌发并形成幼苗的决定性因素是种子的掩埋深度.掩埋显著抑制了藜蒴种子萌发及形成幼苗的过程,随掩埋深度的增大,这种抑制作用越明显.掩埋对幼苗的存活和生物量没有显著影响,但可提高幼苗根部生物量的分配.深度掩埋时,质量大的种子在幼苗形成过程中具明显优势;而置于土壤表层或浅埋的种子成苗率与种子质量的相关性较低.大质量种子形成的幼苗更易于存活,在生物量的积累方面也表现H{一定的优势.凋落物覆盖未抑制幼苗的出土,且对幼苗的存活和生长具有明显的促进作用,表现在可提高幼苗的相对生长率以及生物量的积累.另外,凋落物的覆盖明显提高了幼苗生物量在其冠部的分配.因而,若利用直接播撒藜蒴种子的方式改造南亚热带退化草坡.理论上应尽可能选用大质量的种子直接播种于地表,并覆以原有的地表凋落物,以促进藜蒴幼苗成功建立.     

模拟氮沉降对大豆萌发和幼苗生长的影响

氮沉降是当今倍受关注的全球性环境问题.采用大田试验和室内培养的方法,研究大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长对氮沉降的响应.实验设4组处理(CK、T1、T2、T3),所施氮肥为NH4NO3,在室内培养实验中,4组处理的浓度分别为0、0.08、0.16、0.24mol/L.大田实验中,4组处理的氮施入量分别为0,50,100,150 kg·hm-2·a-1.结果表明:过量氮沉降对种子萌发有一定的抑制作用,降低了种子的发芽速度和发芽率;抑制了幼苗的生长速度,降低了植株的株高、叶面积和生物量,并减小了根冠比;随着氮施入量的增加幼苗的蒸腾速率逐渐降低,但叶片叶绿素含量逐渐增加.     

濒危植物疏花水柏枝种子萌发的生态学特性

疏花水柏枝Myricaria laxiflora分布于我国三峡从宜昌至重庆段长江干流的消落带,分布区十分狭小.三峡工程兴建后,疏花水柏枝将失去绝大部分的生境而成为濒危物种.通过设置一系列控制实验测试了土壤水质量分数,温度和土壤类型对疏花水柏枝种子萌发的生态学的影响.实验结果表明,土壤水质量分数、温度和土壤类型对种子萌发率都有显著影响.其中种子萌发率随土壤水质量分数增加而增大,土壤水质量分数达到饱和程度时萌发率达到最大值;高温条件下的种子萌发率高于低温,种子萌发率在21～27℃达到最大值;种子在河沙基质上萌发好于在沙土基质上.结合分布区萌发季节的环境条件分析,土壤水质量分数是限制该物种分布于消落带的关键作用因子.据此就该物种的种群保护与重建提出了一些建议.