以尿液为阳极基质的微生物燃料电池研究进展

微生物燃料电池 (MFC) 是一种利用微生物将有机物中的化学能直接转化成电能的环境友好型技术,已成为污水资源化领域的研究重点。尿液以高有机浓度、高电导率、营养物质丰富且产量庞大等特点成为MFC的优选基质。梳理了近十年以尿液为阳极基质的MFC研究工作,详细阐述了尿液作为MFC阳极基质的优势和工作机理,以及该研究领域的发展历程;总结了以尿液为阳极基质的MFC中产电微生物、电极及膜材料、反应器构型等因素对产电性能的影响;在现有研究的基础上就产电性能、能源与资源回收效益的提升以及工程化应用方面现存挑战与发展方向给出建议,以期为更好地解决基于尿液为阳极基质的MFC在实际应用中的难题提供参考。     

电动-微生物修复过程中石油胶质结构和毒性变化

采用电动-微生物联合技术对石油胶质污染土壤进行60 d的修复,分析了修复后胶质的浓度、毒性和结构变化。实验结果表明,修复后胶质的降解率约为20%。施加电场后阴极区发芽率最高,达到97.5%,毒性最小。通过红外分析可知,阴极区胶质的羰基面积和nCH2/nCH3比值减小,表明阴极区胶质羰基数量减少,碳链支化程度较高,侧链长度变短。阳极区胶质的羰基面积和nCH2/nCH3比值增大,羰基数量增加。结合发芽率分析,胶质羰基面积和nCH2/nCH3比值减小,可能使胶质的毒性降低,从而影响发芽率。因此,电动-微生物联合修复虽然未能大幅度降低胶质浓度,却能通过改变胶质的结构来削减污染物毒性,且修复效果大于单独的微生物和电动作用。     

海水中喹诺酮类抗生素液质联用测定前处理方法的优化

为快速建立海水中喹诺酮类抗生素(fluoroquinolones,FQs)检测前处理方法,准确地检测海南文昌冯家湾FQs的质量浓度,采用正交实验对海水中FQs前处理过程进行分析并与未优化前处理方法的回收率进行对比,同时对文昌冯家湾近岸养殖区海水中的FQs进行检测。结果表明：pH=10、上样流速为10 mL·min⁻¹、洗脱剂用量为8 mL、针式滤膜过滤器填充料使用MCE是正交实验后最优前处理条件;正交实验优化后,FQs回收率为62.31%~124.60%,相对标准偏差为1.15%~9.90%,未优化前处理条件FQs回收率为65.07%~112.83%,相对标准偏差为1.60%~24.88%;2种方法在冯家湾均检测出11种FQs,有6种FQs在12个采样点中均有检出,前处理方法优化后所测冯家湾FQs总质量浓度为81.31~136.07 ng·L⁻¹,未优化前处理条件所测冯家湾FQs总质量浓度为74.02~114.89 ng·L⁻¹。通过比较2种前处理方法,发现正交实验优化后的前处理方法能够更准确检测出FQs在海水中的质量浓度,可适用于海水中19种FQs的测定。以上研究结果可为精准检测海洋环境中FQs打下基础,也可为冯家湾FQs的管控提供科学依据。     

有效微生物废水处理动态实验研究

应用有效微生物对啤酒废水进行了动态处理试验研究。试验结果表明,水力停留时间和曝气时间显著缩短,该工艺方法节有显著,并能减少污泥和消除臭味。     

Toxicity, uptake and metabolism of 4-n-nonylphenol in root cultures and intact plants under septic and aseptic conditions

4-Nonylphenol, a compound with estrogenic activity, has been shown to occur in sewage sludges and effluents of sludge treatment. This, as well as its use in the formulation of pesticides, may result in the contamination of crop plants and may therefore have an impact on the quality of food or feedstuff. The toxicity, uptake and metabolism of 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) were investigated as¹⁴C-labeled 4-n-NP in root cultures under septical and aseptical conditions and with intact plants grown in containers with soil and aseptically grown in nutrient media. 4-n-NP was toxic to all plant systems tested. The presence of microorganisms and the developmental state of the plant material appeared to have an influence on the EC₅₀ values. 4-n-NP was taken up by the roots and a metabolism to polar compounds was observed in the cases where sufficiently high uptake rates. With intact plants a transport from roots to the shoots was evident. Metabolism in roots changed quantitatively in the presence of microorganisms. The mineralization of 4-n-NP to₁₄CO₂ only occurred with microorganisms.     

基于异构载体的海产品暂养水的协同处理

针对海产品暂养水盐度高、低温环境下靶向菌难驯化、难富集等问题,构建了微生物驯化富集装置,采用玉米芯作为异构载体与碳源,在低温条件下,通过检测水质与微生物群落结构等指标,探究了海产品暂养水对优势菌种演替的推动作用以及微生物群落结构与异构载体的相关性,并对污染物降解与水处理效果进行了分析评价。结果表明：在低温条件下,海产品暂养水对微生物的驯化富集效果较佳;以属水平为例,经过驯化富集培养的菌液主要以假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)为主,同时异构碳源的构造也对微生物的生长起到一定的促进作用;挂膜后的异构碳源对高盐暂养水的处理效果较佳,脱氮率达到(73.46±0.55)%,除磷率为(40.03±0.55)%,除沫率为(82.14±0.23)%。该装置在投入靶向菌与异构碳源后,提高了对高盐暂养水的处理能力;同时,玉米芯作为碳源供给,其缓释效果能够克服能量的过释并减少能耗,保证微生物的存活与运行。研究探讨了微生物与异构载体协同处理高盐暂养水的效果及其耦合效应,为高盐暂养水处理技术的创新与农用废弃物的回收利用提供了参考。     

The sensitivity of soil enzymes,microorganisms and spring wheat to soil contamination with carfentrazone-ethyl

Herbicides pose a significant threat to the natural environment, in particular in soils that are most exposed to plant protection agents. Prolonged herbicide use leads to changes in soil metabolism and decreases soil productive potential. In this study, the influence of carfentrazone-ethyl (CE) on the microbiological and biochemical properties of soil and the yield of Triticum aestivum L. was evaluated. Carfentrazone-ethyl was applied to sandy loam (pH_KCl – 7.0) in doses of 0.000, 0.264, 5.280, 10.56, 21.18, 42.24, 84.48 and 168.96 µg kg^?1 DM soil. Soil samples were subjected to microbiological and biochemical analyses on experimental days 30 and 60. Carfentrazone-ethyl disrupted the biological equilibrium in soil by decreasing the abundance and biodiversity of soil-dwelling microorganisms, the activity of soil enzymes, the values of the biochemical activity indicator and spring wheat yields. Carfentrazone-ethyl had the most adverse effects when applied in doses many fold higher than those recommended by the manufacturer. The toxic effects of CE were also determined by its soil retention time. Soil treated with CE was characterized by higher counts of oligotrophic bacteria, organotrophic bacteria, bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, actinomycetes and fungi on day 60, and spore-forming oligotrophic bacteria on day 30. The activity of dehydrogenases, urease, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase was higher on day 30 than on day 60.     

高含固率菜籽饼与牛粪-羊粪混合厌氧发酵产沼气特性

为充分利用菜籽饼和牛羊粪等固体废物资源并提高其产沼气性能,以农用沼气池为发酵装置,研究了高含固率菜籽饼和牛粪-羊粪10个不同配比(以干物质计)混合厌氧发酵40 d的产沼气特性。结果表明,各混合处理的整个发酵过程运行良好,厌氧消化运行情况稳定。其中,菜籽饼与羊粪干物质配比为2∶1时具有较高的产气潜力,累积产气量最大,达到122.92 m³·t⁻¹。同时,菜籽饼与羊粪混合发酵的产气效果要优于与牛粪混合的效果。修正的Gompertz模型显示,各处理能较好地拟合产沼气过程。其中,最大产沼气量(P_m)和最大产气速率(R_m)随菜籽饼添加量的增加而增大,产气滞留时间(λ)则随菜籽饼添加量的增加而降低。本研究结果可为菜籽饼和畜禽粪便的资源化利用提供参考。     

湖流域土壤微生物基因组总DNA分离纯化及其质粒文库的初步构建

采用研磨／冻融和SDV蛋白酶K热处理以及CTAB处理等理化方法，直接从太湖流域土壤样品中抽提得到微生物总基因组DNA，所得粗DNA用透析袋法以及Nucleaotrap suspension DNA纯化试剂盒进行了纯化，纯化过的DNA能够满是常用限制性内切酶酶切、细菌16S rDNA通用引物和随机引物进行PCR扩增的要求，将所得纯品DNA经过EcoRI部分酶切之后与酶切并脱磷酸的pSK^ 空载体连接，再以大肠杆菌JM109为宿主细胞初步构建了土壤微生物基因组文库，图6参7     

解磷菌的研究现状与展望

磷素是植物生长的大量必需营养元素之一，在土壤中极易被固定而使其有效性降低，因此对解磷菌的研究一直受到科学家的重视。文章对解磷菌的种类、在土壤中的存在数量和生态分布、解磷作用机理、解磷菌剂的应用效果等方面的研究现状作了综述，并论述了对解磷菌的研究意义及今后应加强的研究方向。