铁尾矿芦苇根际微生物和根内生菌群落分布及其限制性因子解析

利用Illumina高通量测序技术研究了北京市怀柔区前安岭铁尾矿库周边春季和夏季芦苇根际土壤微生物和根内生菌的组成.测序结果表明：在门水平共鉴定出40个门类,在各样本中,变形杆菌（Proteobateria）和放线菌（Actinobacteriota）均是优势菌门,在所有样本中二者之和所占比例均大于80%;在属水平,假杆菌属（Pseudarthrobacter）在根际和根内均占优势.α多样性分析表明,根际土壤微生物的物种丰富度（Sobs、Chao）和物种多样性指数（Shannon、PD）均显著高于根内生菌,Sobs、Chao、Shannon和PD指数的最大值和最小值差值分别为1336、1582.24、6.48和81.18.β多样性分析表明,根际土壤微生物和根内生菌的群落组成差异显著,而不同季节的样本之间差异并不明显.另外,各样本中的优势菌种,如假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）和链霉菌属（Streptomyces）对重金属具有较强的耐受性.独有和共有微生物分析结果显示,在774个属中,共有250个属在4种类型的样本中同时存在,这表明不同样本的微生物群落组成具有一定的相似性.与土壤基本理化性质的相关性分析表明,Ni、Fe、有效磷、有效硫和有机质与微生物群落显著相关.通过COG功能预测发现,芦苇根际土壤和根内样本中的微生物代谢功能（如能量生产与转换、氨基酸转运与代谢、碳水化合物转运与代谢和无机离子转运与代谢）十分丰富.     

几种生物学指标与生物强化系统降解效率的关系

针对炼油废水生物强化处理系统中有时存在的不稳定造成排水超标的问题,研究了SBR反应器中采用生物强化技术,其细菌数量、脱氢酶、邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶(C12O)和邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶(C23O)等关键生物学指标与污染物去除效率的综合对应关系,并运用ERIC-PCR技术研究了运行前后处理系统内微生物群落的变化.结果表明,投加菌剂的生物强化处理系统提高了细菌数量和酶活,使处理效率明显提高.生物强化系统中细菌数量及C23O酶活与污染物去除效率呈正相关关系,且微生物群落结构十分稳定.C12O为一种诱导酶,其酶     

应用解蛋白菌生物预水解剩余污泥

本文比较了解蛋白菌——地衣芽孢杆菌在不同接种比(0.17%、0.66%、1.16%和1.65%,以TS比计)条件下,生物菌剂预水解对剩余污泥液化效果和脱水性能的影响规律.结果表明,以地衣芽孢杆菌为接种物进行生物预处理,可以促进污泥胞内物质的溶出,同时促进污泥中蛋白质的溶出和降解,但污泥的脱水性能会有所劣化.发现地衣芽孢杆菌的接种比为1.16%时,溶解性有机物的累积溶出量达到最大值,而继续提高接种比并不会增加溶解性有机物的累积溶出量;同时,在该接种比下,经过129 h的生物预处理,蛋白质与挥发性固体的比值达到最低,为初始值的72%,表明蛋白质的降解量达到最大值.但经过129 h生物预处理,污泥的模化CST值上升为初始值的2倍左右,经过生物预处理后污泥的脱水性能劣化.     

pH对氢基质自养微生物还原降解对氯硝基苯的影响

在建立的一种MBfR(氢基质生物膜反应器)中系统考察pH对氢基质自养微生物还原降解p-CNB(对氯硝基苯)的影响,并重点分析pH影响下p-CNB、p-CAN(对氯苯胺)、NO-3-N(硝酸盐)和SO2-4(硫酸盐)的去除效率、通量及当量电子转移通量的变化趋势.结果表明,pH在5.7~8.7之间变化时对硝基还原、还原脱氯、反硝化和硫酸盐还原过程影响显著.氢基质自养微生物生长较适宜的pH范围为6.7~8.2,其中硝基还原、还原脱氯、反硝化和硫酸盐还原的最佳pH分别是7.7、8.2、7.2和7.2.当量电子转移通量分析表明,反硝化和硫酸盐还原对pH变化的敏感性均强于p-CNB还原.为了维持较高水平的p-CNB、NO-3-N和SO2-4同步去除效率,可将pH调控在7.2~8.2之间.适当地调节pH有利于微生物的生长以及控制中空纤维膜表面矿物质沉淀引起的膜污染.     

土壤微生物活性对石油原油、铅镉及其复合污染的响应

随着工农业生产的迅猛发展、石油原油及重金属等原材料的广泛开采与使用,使石油原油、重金属及其复合污染日趋加重,对环境及人类的危害也越来越大.采用室内培养试验,利用人工模拟污染土壤,研究石油原油、铅镉及其复合污染胁迫对土壤微生物活性的影响.试验设置4个处理:1新鲜土壤(S)作为对照;21000 mg·kg~(-1)石油原油污染土壤(SP);3500 mg·kg~(-1)铅和50 mg·kg~(-1)镉污染土壤(SH);41000mg·kg~(-1)石油原油污染、500 mg·kg~(-1)铅和50 mg·kg~(-1)镉复合污染土壤(SPH).结果表明:与对照相比,SH、SP、SPH处理土壤基础呼吸强度最高分别增加约100.99%、36.61%、25.80%,铅镉污染(SH)对土壤基础呼吸影响最显著,反映出重金属污染对土壤基础呼吸的激活作用最强;石油原油污染(SP)与石油原油及铅镉复合污染(SPH)刺激土壤微生物量碳增加,SP处理最高增加了90.25%,而铅镉污染(SH)则使土壤微生物量碳减少.不同土壤酶对污染处理的响应不同,其中,石油原油污染(SP)对FDA水解酶及脱氢酶活性表现为激活作用;石油原油或石油原油及铅镉复合污染(SP、SPH)对脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性主要表现为激活作用,而铅镉污染(SH)对脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性主要表现为抑制作用.该研究表明,石油原油及铅镉复合污染对土壤微生物活性的影响与石油原油或铅镉污染的影响不同,它们之间存在着明显的交互作用.     

Biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse by a mixed culture of micro organisms: Effect of aeration conditions and pH control

Upon aeration, the mixed microbial SCD ProBio OriginalTM culture may be used as the first stage in a two- or multi-stage system for the biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse.     

Psychrophilic and Psychrotolerant Heterotrophic Microorganisms of Middle Siberian Karst Cavities

The natural microflora of Middle Siberian karst cavities, which comprises psychrotolerant bacteria and fungi capable of growing at 3–15 and 3...+28°C, respectively, has been studied. Bacteria are ubiquitous in caves, their count varying from 10³ to 10⁷ cells/g ground. The bacteria have been identified as Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, and coryneform bacteria. Fungi have been found in places exposed to increased anthropogenic impact, their count being as large as 10⁶ to 10⁷ cells/g ground. Mucor, Penicillium, and Chrysosporium were dominant fungal genera.     

Physicochemical and physiological basis of dichromatic colour

Out of three perceptual characteristics of the colour of any substance, the hue depends mostly on the spectral properties of a substance, while the brightness and saturation depend also on the concentration of a substance and its thickness. Here, we report that evident change of the hue of the colour (i.e., from green to red) is due to a change in concentration or the thickness of a layer in some exceptional substances such as pumpkin seed oil or an aqueous solution of bromophenol blue. In some regions of Central Europe, salad dressing is made preferably with the pumpkin seed oil, which has a strong characteristic nut-like taste and remarkable properties of the colour: it appears red in a bottle, but green when served as a salad dressing. The colour of the pumpkin seed oil was previously described as brownish yellow, dark green, dark green to red ochre or dark reddish brown to light yellow green. We elucidated the physicochemical and physiological basis of such dichromatism by Beer-Lambert law and by the characteristics of human colour perception. Our concept was corroborated by the outcome of calculations of colour from spectral properties using colour matching functions. We found that dichromatism is observed if the absorption spectrum of any substance has at least two local minima: one wide but shallow and one narrow but deep local minimum.     

Synthesis and use of a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata seed oil with dimethyl carbonate

The preparation of sodium methoxide-treated algae catalysts and their activity in the transesterification of Pongamia pinnata seed oil by dimethyl carbonate were investigated. We also investigated the effect of the sodium methoxide-treated algae catalyst on the biodiesel yield. The development of sodium methoxide-treated algae catalysts can overcome most problems associated with dissolution in dimethyl carbonate. The products were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to identify the fatty acid methyl esters in the biodiesel produced. The molar ratio of Pongamia pinnata seed oil to dimethyl carbonate in transesterification in the presence of the sodium methoxide-treated algae catalyst was observed to play a substantial role in this study, wherein the Pongamia pinnata seed oil conversion increased with increasing catalyst concentration. The highest percent conversion rate was 97%. With intense research focus and development, an ideal catalyst can indeed be developed for optimal biodiesel production that is both economically feasible and environmentally benign.     

Isolates identification and characteristics of microorganisms in biotrickling filter and biofilter system treating H2S and NH3

A combination system of biotrickling filter （BTF） and biofilter （BF）, adopting surfactant-modified clinoptilolite and surfactant- modified wood chip as the media respectively, was applied to treat H2S and NH3 simultaneously. The identification and sole carbon sources utilization patterns of isolates in the combination system were studied by Biolog system. The isolates were identified as Bacillus sphaericus, Geobacillus themoglucosidasius （55℃） and Micrococcus luteus （ATCC 9341） in BTF, and Aspergillus sydowii （Bainier ＆ Sartory） Thom＆ Church in BE Among 95 substrate classes supplied by Biolog system, the carboxylic acids and methyl esters had the highest utilization extent for the four species, followed by the amino acids and peptides. The descending sequence of carbon sources utilization capability of isolates was A. sydowii （52.6%）, M. luteus （39.5%）, B. sphaericus （21.6%）, and G. thermoglucosidasius （17.7%）.