施用生物炭对土壤微生物的影响

作为生物质材料的热解产物,生物炭被认为是很有前景的环境污染治理与生态修复材料.多方面的研究说明,生物炭的多孔、大比表面积、丰富的官能团等性能,使其具有"锁定"碳,固定土壤污染物,改善土质等功能,从而从土壤物理化学的角度证实了生物炭在土壤污染治理与改良方面的作用,但至于生物炭对土壤微生物的影响及其长期效应尚处于起步阶段.本文总结分析了近年来国内外生物炭与土壤微生物相关的研究成果,得出生物炭能通过改变土壤资源储备(如可利用C、营养物质、水分等)、非生命成分(如p H、CEC等)等理化性质,加快土壤细菌和真菌的生长与繁殖,影响土壤微生物群落结构和功能.可见,生物炭土地利用的优点不容置疑,为了实现其规模化应用,生物炭的施用剂量、生物炭-微生物-污染物的作用机理等问题亟待深入地研究,生物炭对土壤微生物及养分循环的长期影响还有待于系统地展开.     

Cu、Cd污染背景下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应

在重金属污染加重及多样化的背景下,入侵植物对本地植物种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应可能发生改变甚至增强。因此,本文探究了Cu和Cd单污染及其复合污染下入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对其本地近缘种莴苣种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应。结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液处理及3种重金属污染类型和加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液复合处理均显著降低莴苣种子发芽指数,表明重金属和加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液均对莴苣的种子萌发和生长产生明显生态毒理效应。Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣幼苗株高产生的生态毒理效应显著大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应,而在Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣幼苗发芽速度指数产生的生态毒理效应也大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应(未达到显著水平)。这表明在Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣种子萌发产生的生态毒理效应大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应,即Cu和Cd复合污染可能对加拿大一枝黄花对本地植物种子萌发和生长产生的生态毒理效应具有一定的叠加效应。     

Disasters and development in agricultural input markets: bean seed markets in Honduras after Hurricane Mitch

The bulk of developing countries' populations and poor depend on agriculture for food and income. While rural economies and people are generally the most severely affected by natural disasters, little is known about how disasters and subsequent relief activities affect agricultural markets with differing levels of development. The article addresses this gap, drawing evidence from bean seed markets in Honduras after Hurricane Mitch. Case studies are used to address hypotheses about a disaster's effects on supply and demand in seed markets, farmers' responses and the performance of relief interventions in markets showing differing levels of development. The results show the importance of tailoring relief interventions to the markets that they will affect and to the specific effects of a disaster; the potential to use local and emerging seed distribution channels in a relief intervention; and opportunities for relief activities to strengthen community seed systems.     

Synchronous municipal sewerage-sludge stabilization

IntroductionThemainpurposeofwastewatertreatmentistoremovesolidsandBODfromthewastewaterbeforetheliquideffluentisreleasedtoaconvenient,nearbybodyofwater.Whatremainstobedisposedofisamixtureofsolidsandwater,calledsludge.Thecollection,processing,anddisposalofsludgecanbethemostcostlyandcomplexaspectofwastewatertreatment.Manydevelopingcountriescannotaffordthecostofthesludgewastingline.Thereforetheaimoftheresearchwastodevelopasystemthatcansimultaneouslyachievewastewaterandsludgestabilizationusinginn…     

Enhanced Co-Metabolism of TCDD in the Presence of High Concentrations of Phenoxy Herbicides

Chemical residue studies were conducted from 1977-1987 on sites where spills of Agent Orange had occurred in the Herbicide Storage Sites at the Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, Mississippi, and on Johnston Island, Central Pacific Ocean. The soil persistence time of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was significantly decreased when in the presence of massive amounts of phenoxy herbicides (> 62,000 microg of herbicide/g of soil). Although microbial populations doubled in the most highly contaminated sites, fungal species diversity decreased. The dominant fungal species that appeared to be associated with the metabolism of the residues were of the genera Penicillium, Mucor, and Fusarium. TCDD level decreased from a mean high of 180 ng/g (ppb) to less than 1 ng/g of soil over a ten-year period.     

基于异构载体的海产品暂养水的协同处理

针对海产品暂养水盐度高、低温环境下靶向菌难驯化、难富集等问题,构建了微生物驯化富集装置,采用玉米芯作为异构载体与碳源,在低温条件下,通过检测水质与微生物群落结构等指标,探究了海产品暂养水对优势菌种演替的推动作用以及微生物群落结构与异构载体的相关性,并对污染物降解与水处理效果进行了分析评价。结果表明：在低温条件下,海产品暂养水对微生物的驯化富集效果较佳;以属水平为例,经过驯化富集培养的菌液主要以假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)为主,同时异构碳源的构造也对微生物的生长起到一定的促进作用;挂膜后的异构碳源对高盐暂养水的处理效果较佳,脱氮率达到(73.46±0.55)%,除磷率为(40.03±0.55)%,除沫率为(82.14±0.23)%。该装置在投入靶向菌与异构碳源后,提高了对高盐暂养水的处理能力;同时,玉米芯作为碳源供给,其缓释效果能够克服能量的过释并减少能耗,保证微生物的存活与运行。研究探讨了微生物与异构载体协同处理高盐暂养水的效果及其耦合效应,为高盐暂养水处理技术的创新与农用废弃物的回收利用提供了参考。     

Toxicity, uptake and metabolism of 4-n-nonylphenol in root cultures and intact plants under septic and aseptic conditions

4-Nonylphenol, a compound with estrogenic activity, has been shown to occur in sewage sludges and effluents of sludge treatment. This, as well as its use in the formulation of pesticides, may result in the contamination of crop plants and may therefore have an impact on the quality of food or feedstuff. The toxicity, uptake and metabolism of 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) were investigated as¹⁴C-labeled 4-n-NP in root cultures under septical and aseptical conditions and with intact plants grown in containers with soil and aseptically grown in nutrient media. 4-n-NP was toxic to all plant systems tested. The presence of microorganisms and the developmental state of the plant material appeared to have an influence on the EC₅₀ values. 4-n-NP was taken up by the roots and a metabolism to polar compounds was observed in the cases where sufficiently high uptake rates. With intact plants a transport from roots to the shoots was evident. Metabolism in roots changed quantitatively in the presence of microorganisms. The mineralization of 4-n-NP to₁₄CO₂ only occurred with microorganisms.     

The need to look beyond the production and provision of relief seed: experiences from southern Sudan

Free distribution of seeds in selected areas of southern Sudan has been widespread as a way of increasing food security. Field research in areas targeted for seed relief found that farmer seed systems continue to meet the crop and varietal needs of farmers even following the 1998 famine. Donor investments in seed multiplication of improved sorghum have not been sustained due to a lack of effective demand for the improved seed beyond that created by the relief agencies. The article argues that rather than imposing outside solutions, whether through seed provisioning or seed production enterprises, greater attention needs to be given to building on the strengths of existing farmer systems and designing interventions to alleviate the weaknesses. The case is made to support dynamically the process of farmer experimentation through the informed introduction of new crops and varieties that can potentially reinforce the strength and diversity of local cropping systems.     

湖流域土壤微生物基因组总DNA分离纯化及其质粒文库的初步构建

采用研磨／冻融和SDV蛋白酶K热处理以及CTAB处理等理化方法，直接从太湖流域土壤样品中抽提得到微生物总基因组DNA，所得粗DNA用透析袋法以及Nucleaotrap suspension DNA纯化试剂盒进行了纯化，纯化过的DNA能够满是常用限制性内切酶酶切、细菌16S rDNA通用引物和随机引物进行PCR扩增的要求，将所得纯品DNA经过EcoRI部分酶切之后与酶切并脱磷酸的pSK^ 空载体连接，再以大肠杆菌JM109为宿主细胞初步构建了土壤微生物基因组文库，图6参7     

系统评价EM菌液在生活污水处理中的应用效果

采用在生活污水中投加有效微生物群的方法,系统评价了ＥＭ对污水中三类常见污染物去除率的影响。结果表明（１）好氧条件下,ＥＭ显著提高污水ＣＯＤｃｒ去除的适宜加入量为５／１００００－１／１０００,增幅达达１０％;厌氧条件下,ＥＭ对污水ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除没有促进作用。（２）ＥＭ在好氧条件下能显著或极显著提高污水ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ的硝化程度,当ＥＭ加量为５／１０００时效效果最好,增幅达３７．６２％,厌氧条件下,当