首钢孟家冲尾矿坝渗流稳定分析

针对孟家冲尾矿库坝面出现的渗水现象,对坝体的渗流以及稳定进行计算分析。计算结果表明,由于堆积坝的不断升高,导致坝体浸润线抬高,安全稳定系数降低,从而将造成坝体失稳,出现溃坝事故。为消除隐患,提出采用辐射井排渗的设计方案,并对该方案的可行性进行计算分析。     

Experimental study on the influence mechanism of gas seepage on coal and gas outburst disaster

By using the self-developed triaxial servo-controlled seepage equipment for thermo-fluid-solid coupling of coal containing gas and the self-developed coal and gas outburst simulation test device, experiments to study the influence mechanism of gas seepage on coal and gas outburst disasters. The results show that: (i) gas seepage decreases the strength of coal containing gas and accelerates its failure process; (ii) under the same gas pressure, the confining pressure is larger, the more difficult the gas flows and the greater the intensity of coal containing gas is; (iii) in the process of coal and gas outburst, the greater the vertical ground stress is, the more powerful the outburst will be; (iv) the influence mechanism of gas seepage on coal and gas outburst disasters is as follows: firstly, gas seepage weakens the mechanical properties of coal body, which makes it much easier for coal and gas outburst to occur; secondly, on the same effect of external force, it will be easy to form a high gas pressure zone in the coal body under the difficult condition of gas seepage, and accumulate more gas compression energy, which is the energy source for coal and gas outburst, and it is also the main dynamic source to throw and grind the coal.     

非均质条件下河流包气带水分运移的原位试验

围绕非均质条件下河流包气带水分运移,选择渭河河漫滩开展原位试验。在渭河原位试验点开挖7 m×1 m×2.8 m的探坑,以一侧剖面为研究面,刨光成垂直平面并对剖面做保护工作,方便观测。在不同层位按不同深度、在不同岩性的层位上打孔,分别安装MP-917时域反射仪与水银压力计,监测含水率及地下水压力势,并采用自制Bauwer渗水仪做持续5 d的有压入渗试验,研究非均质条件下河流包气带水分运移规律及入渗速度与水头高度的关系。结果表明,包气带介质含水率分布与包气带结构有关,受岩性渗透系数制约,其中弱透水层的存在阻滞了水分的运移,包气带很难达到饱和,在弱透水层以上形成上层滞水并以非饱和流形式入渗。入渗速度随水层的厚度增大而增大,且入渗速度与水头高度呈对数关系。     

H型超薄板防渗技术在卫生填埋场中的应用

上海某生活垃圾卫生填埋场运营过程中发生堤坝渗漏,对周围环境造成了污染。经比选采用H型超薄板防渗技术处理,防渗薄板墙深18m,墙厚100mm。竣工后经CSAMT法、现场开挖取样等方式检测,超薄板墙各项指标均满足要求。有效治理了渗滤液渗漏,提升了区域环境质量。     

三江平原水田灌溉-排水过程中铁形态变化及输出贡献

采集三江平原农田灌溉地下水、稻田积水、渠系排水、土壤侧渗水,并采用切向超滤技术分离水体中不同形态铁,分析在灌溉排水及地下侧渗水中铁的迁移特征,并估算水田排水中铁的输出贡献.结果表明,在灌溉排水过程中,铁主要以低分子量形态和酸性不稳定形态迁移,地下水中Fe2+含量占可溶态铁的80.45%;地下水抽取到稻田后Fe2+含量显著降低,络合态铁含量升高,稻田积水中络合态铁占可溶态铁的75.50%;稻田积水排入渠系后,络合态铁中不稳定弱配位铁含量降低13.58%,其他铁形态变化不大.稻田积水通过地下侧渗进入渠系,随侧渗水体深度加深,Fe2+含量升高,络合态和胶体态铁含量降低,地下侧渗水向渠系水主要提供络合态和胶体态铁.三江平原湿地水田化改变了水体中铁的输出形态,同时,排水过程中铁的输出也对河流形成补给,水田灌溉排水过程可溶态铁的输出通量约为390kg.a-.1km-2,输出系数为0.186,灌溉-排水过程中残留在稻田土壤中铁的量约为1460kg.a-.1km-2,残留在排水渠系土壤中铁的量约为250kg.a-.1km-2,这对三江平原水土环境产生了深远影响.     

传递系数法在滑坡稳定性评价中的几个问题探讨

本文运用LASA软件,分析了采用传递系数法计算滑坡稳定系数时,传递系数计算式、条块划分、渗透压力计算对稳定系数的影响。传递系数计算式的分析得出采用迭代法求解是比较合理的方法;通过实例对条块划分导致的影响分析,可知条块划分应当尽量与滑体的实际情况相符合才可以减小计算误差;渗透压力计算分析指出稳定性计算考虑动水压力时,应当根据不同情况选择不同水力坡降计算式。     

焦作市某赤泥堆放场周围地下水水质评价

焦作市某赤泥堆放场一期工程采用了在堆放场底部铺设赤泥加石灰垫层和防渗膜的工程防渗处理措施.基于其防渗处理现状,文章探讨了该区域地下水对赤泥冲灰水的日最大允许入渗量,和赤泥冲灰水的实际日渗透量.评价了该防渗处理措施的可行性和在地下水日活动量稳定的状况下,该赤泥堆放场对周围地下水的影响.结果表明:将赤泥加石灰垫层用作防渗的措施值得大力推广;该堆放场在使用年限内不会对周围区域地下水水质造成太大的影响.     

Further Development of a Specific Conductivity Approach to Measure Groundwater Discharge Area within Lakes

Groundwater exchanges with most lakes are rarely quantified because there are many technical challenges to quantification. We investigated a lakebed mapping approach to infer the relative areas of groundwater exchange in 12 prairie shallow lakes and five Laurentian mixed forest shallow lakes in Minnesota, USA in 2011. We used a relatively common approach (seepage meters) to provide baseline information on the magnitude and direction of flow at four locations in each lake. To expand from point measurements to the whole‐lake scale, we explored use of specific conductivity as a cheaper and more time efficient proxy for groundwater discharge to lakes. We validated the approach at near shore stations in each lake where seepage meter measurements and specific conductivity surveys overlapped. Specific conductivity surveys provided a similar assessment of groundwater discharge compared to seepage meters for 50% of the lake‐sampling period combinations. The lakebed mapping approach, when validated for a lake with a limited number of seepage meter (or alternative methods) measurements, offers the advantages of being more time and labor efficient over the use of a similar number of seepage meter monitoring locations; seepage meters (or piezometers, for example) are costlier in terms of equipment and labor, even for single‐lake studies. We show the combined approach could provide useful baselines for understanding and mapping groundwater exchange in shallow lakes.     

秸秆和肥料管理措施对太湖流域水稻种植氮流失的影响

稻田系统的氮流失是农业面源污染的重要组成部分. 当前,氮肥投入量已得到有效控制,针对不同秸秆和肥料管理措施的多途径（径流、侧渗、下渗）氮流失特征研究还较为缺乏. 对此,选取太湖流域种植时长超过20 a且持续秸秆还田超过5 a的稻田,研究秸秆和肥料管理措施对水稻全生育期不同途径氮流失的影响,并基于作物产量、氮利用效率及氮流失强度,对秸秆和肥料管理措施的生产适宜性和环境友好性进行研判. 结果表明,秸秆离田会提升水稻植株对施氮的敏感度. 稻季氮总流失量为9~17 kg·hm^-2,占氮肥施用量的5%~7%. 对秸秆管理而言,秸秆离田的泡田排水具有更高氮流失风险;秸秆还田可降低15%以上的下渗途径氮流失量,但是对侧渗途径的氮流失作用并不明确. 对肥料管理而言,有机肥的适宜替代可较同施氮梯度下的化肥施用减少16%的种植期径流氮流失、26%的下渗氮流失,以及37%的侧渗氮流失. 综合产量数据,实施秸秆还田和肥料类型优化能够有效降低生产单位重量稻米的氮流失量,切实实现对农业生产和环境友好的双向兼顾.     

山谷型磷石膏渣场酸性工艺水渗漏分析

我国大多数磷石膏渣场建于山谷之中,并以黏土底垫层作为防渗层。通过建立针对典型山谷型磷石膏渣场的渗流模型,使用二维有限元渗流分析方法对山谷型磷石膏渣场酸性工艺水的渗漏模式和渗漏量进行了分析。分析表明:山谷型磷石膏渣场酸性工艺水渗漏量不仅和黏土防渗层的垂直渗透系数有关,而且与黏土防渗层下部风化岩层的水平渗透性相关。如水平渗透性较大,黏土防渗层对阻止酸性工艺水流失的作用有限。分析还表明,由于谷口垂直防渗帷幕不大可能封堵住所有风化岩层中的裂隙,很难阻止渗过黏土防渗层的酸性工艺水向渣场外渗漏。