Efficient and selective electro-reduction of nitrobenzene by the nano-structured Cu catalyst prepared by an electrodeposited method via tuning applied voltage

Pollution caused by toxic nitrobenzene has been a widespread environmental concern. Selective reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline is beneficial to further efficient and cost-effective biologic treatment. Electrochemical reduction is a promising method and Cu-based catalysts have been found to be an efficient cathode material for this purpose. In this work, Cu catalysts with different morphologies were fabricated on Ti plate using a facile electrodepositon method via tuning the applied voltage. The dendritic nano-structured Cu catalysts obtained at high applied voltages exhibited an excellent efficiency and selectivity toward the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline. Effects of the working potential and initial nitrobenzene concentration on the selective reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline using the Cu/Ti electrode were investigated. A high rate constant of 0.0251 min⁻¹ and 97.1% aniline selectivity were achieved. The fabricated nano-structured Cu catalysts also exhibited good stability. This work provides a facile way to prepare highly efficient, cost-effective, and stable nano-structured electrocatalysts for pollutant reduction.     

水杨酸及其磺基衍生物在超高交联吸附树脂上的吸附选择性研究

水杨酸及其磺基衍生物（5磺基水杨酸）在超高交联吸附树脂NDA-100和改性超高交联吸附树脂NDA-99上的平衡吸附遵循Freundlich等温方程,拟合结果表明其放热的优惠吸附特征。NDA-100树脂的吸附主要依赖π-π作用,而5-磺基水杨酸在NDA-99上的吸附受静电作用的影响明显。随着双组分体系内5-磺基水杨酸初始浓度的增大,水杨酸在NDA-99上的吸附量减小,而在NDA-100上的吸附量增大。另外对于两种树脂,随着水杨酸初始浓度的增大,5磺基水杨酸的吸附量均减小。吸附作用力的强弱导致溶质组分在树脂活性位点上的直接竞争现象。在5-磺基水杨酸存在的吸附体系内,NDA-100对水杨酸的吸附选择性远远优越于NDA-99。NDA-100串联NDA-99组合吸附工艺可以有效实现水杨酸和5-磺基水杨酸的选择性吸附分离。     

2-氯酚在超临界水-NaOH体系中的脱氯特性

研究了2-氯酚在超临界水-NaOH体系中的脱氯特性,考察了NaOH添加对2-氯酚转化率、Cl-生成率、脱氯选择性等的影响。实验结果表明,NaOH的添加能够显著提高2-氯酚的转化率、Cl-的生成率和脱氯选择性。2-氯酚的转化率随着NaOH添加量的增大而增大,460℃、25 MPa条件下,NaOH添加量与2-氯酚的摩尔比为1∶1时,停留时间27 s时可实现2-氯酚的完全转化。     

NH3-SCR denitration catalyst performance over vanadium-titanium with the addition of Ce and Sb

Selective catalytic reduction technology using NH3 as a reducing agent(NH3-SCR) is an effective control method to remove nitrogen oxides. TiO2-supported vanadium oxide catalysts with different levels of Ce and Sb modification were prepared by an impregnation method and were characterized by X-ray diffractometer(XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET), Transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV–Vis DRS), Raman and Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR). The catalytic activities of V5 CexS by/TiO2 catalysts for denitration were investigated in a fixed bed flow microreactor. The results showed that cerium, vanadium and antimony oxide as the active components were well dispersed on TiO2, and the catalysts exhibited a large number of d–d electronic transitions, which were helpful to strengthen SCR reactivity. The V5 CexS by/TiO2 catalysts exhibited a good low temperature NH3-SCR catalytic activity. In the temperature range of 210 to 400℃, the V5 CexS by/TiO2 catalysts gave NO conversion rates above 90%. For the best V5Ce35Sb2/TiO2 catalyst, at a reaction temperature of 210℃, the NO conversion rate had already reached 90%. The catalysts had different catalytic activity with different Ce loadings. With the increase of Ce loading, the NO conversion rate also increased.     

CTAC改性膨润土吸附去除水体中高氯酸盐的离子交换性能研究

选用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)改性膨润土以提高膨润土对ClO4-的吸附能力.试验结果表明,CTAC改性能显著提高膨润土对ClO4-的吸附能力,在0.1～l mmol·L-1的C1O4-溶液中,6h内能迅速达到吸附平衡.有机膨润土对ClO4-的吸附最符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,其吸附容量可达0.48 mmol·g-1.pH值在4～10范围内变化对ClO-的吸附几乎没有影响.高的分配系数(Kd＞1.5×103cm3·g-1)表明有机膨润土对ClO4-有很高的选择性,各阴离子的分配系数从小到大的顺序为HPO42-＜ SO42-＜ NO3-＜ ClO4-,这与阴离子的自由水合能大小相一致.1 mol·L-1 HCl溶液对吸附剂的再生效率在96％左右,可直接使用,不用再改性.     

Al_2O_3负载Pd-Cu催化剂催化1,2-二氯乙烷加氢脱氯性能

采用共浸渍法制备了一系列Al2O3负载金属Pd、Cu催化剂.通过元素分析（ICP）、氮气吸脱附（BET）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）等技术对催化剂进行了表征,并以1,2-二氯乙烷气相加氢脱氯为探针反应,考察了Pd-Cu/Al2O3催化剂的钯铜比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对催化活性以及反应产物乙烯选择性的影响.结果发现,提高Cu负载量可在催化剂中形成Pd-Cu合金,并促进催化剂对乙烯的选择性.此外,当温度为250℃,Pd、Cu负载量分别为0.78%和1.9%时的Pd-Cu/Al2O3催化剂对1,2-二氯乙烷的催化加氢脱氯效果最佳,最终产物乙烯的选择性可达到80%以上.     

掺入CO催化活化CO2加氢合成甲醇的研究

用ＴＰＤ,ＴＰＳＲ－ＭＳ活性评价等方法,用Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ催化剂,对ＣＯ２加氢合成甲醇的原料气掺入适量ＣＯ２进行了研究。结果表明ＣＯ２能占据催化剂表面部分ＣＯ２的吸附位,能抑制ＣＯ２加氢的逆水汽变换反应和促进甲醇合成,从而大大提高了ＣＯ２加事成甲醇的选择性和收率。     

Selectivity in Mammalian Extinction Risk and Threat Types: a New Measure of Phylogenetic Signal Strength in Binary Traits

Abstract: The strength of phylogenetic signal in extinction risk can give insight into the mechanisms behind species’ declines. Nevertheless, no existing measure of phylogenetic pattern in a binary trait, such as extinction‐risk status, measures signal strength in a way that can be compared among data sets. We developed a new measure for phylogenetic signal of binary traits, D, which simulations show gives robust results with data sets of more than 50 species, even when the proportion of threatened species is low. We applied D to the red‐list status of British birds and the world's mammals and found that the threat status for both groups exhibited moderately strong phylogenetic clumping. We also tested the hypothesis that the phylogenetic pattern of species threatened by harvesting will be more strongly clumped than for those species threatened by either habitat loss or invasive species because the life‐history traits mediating the effects of harvesting show strong evolutionary pattern. For mammals, our results supported our hypothesis; there was significant but weaker phylogenetic signal in the risk caused by the other two drivers (habitat loss and invasive species). We conclude that D is likely to be a useful measure of the strength of phylogenetic pattern in many binary traits.     

Stereoselective metabolic disruption of cypermethrin by remolding gut homeostasis in rat

Cypermethrin (CYP), a prototypical synthetic pyrethroid, reportedly causes metabolic disruption, while its stereoselective impact remains elusive. This study initially revealed that only α-CYP caused significant weight loss at 8.5 mg/(kg•day) in rats. All three CYP isomers caused the accumulation of hepatic glycogen, and hyperlipemia phenotype as the increment of total triglyceride. Rats treated with α-CYP had markedly high blood glucose levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index. The systematic inflammation of θ-CYP group rats was evidenced by high lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels and abnormalities of leukocytes indices. By examining the gut microbiome, we found that α-CYP-treated rats had low contents of Firmicutes and high levels of Verrucomicrobia while Elusimicrobia was enriched in the β-CYP group. The increasing alpha diversity in the θ-CYP group may be due to the dominance of pathogenic bacteria and the increase of probiotics to counteract adverse effects. Exclusively, the α-CYP group enriched total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), whereas most SCFAs depleted in the θ-CYP group. The correlation analysis further found Firmicutes, an energy storage modulator, was positive to body weight (BW), while SCFAs exerted the opposite, confirming the low BW in α-CYP. Blood glucose that correlated well with SCFAs and Verrucomicrobia can be accounted for the discrepancy between α-CYP and θ-CYP. Overall, the three isomers exerted stereoselective glycolipid disruption in rats, and gut homeostasis acted as vital indicators.     

几种耕作土壤钾交换特性的研究

本文研究了三组不同粘土矿物组成的耕作土壤钾素的交换特性,结果表明,供试土壤的钾交换选择性系数(K_c)与交换性钾比率(EPR)呈极显著的负相关,相关系数变化于-0.86至-0.95之间,且K_c因EPR的增加而趋于恒值。以伊利石、蛭石占优势的第一组土壤和以伊利石为主、高岭石为次的第二组土壤的K_c趋于恒值时的EPR明显高于以高岭石为主、伊利石为次的第三组土壤。三组土壤的钾吸附比率(PAR)与EPR均呈极显著的正相关,相关系数变化于0.94至0.98之间。土壤钾交换选择性的强弱因粘土矿物组成、粘粒含量和初始交换性钾饱和度的不同而表现出如下趋势:第一组土壤>第二组土壤>第三组土壤。