硒对镉胁迫下菠菜生理特性、元素含量及镉吸收转运的影响

为了探讨硒(Se)对菠菜中的镉(Cd)胁迫造成毒害的缓解作用,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度Se(0、0.5、2.0、4.0 mg·L-1)对不同浓度Cd(0.5和2.0 mg·kg-1)胁迫下菠菜生理特性、元素含量及Cd吸收转运的影响.结果表明:不同浓度的Se可使丙二醛(MDA)积累量显著降低,最佳作用下分别为两种浓度Cd单一胁迫下的53.93%和41.79%;不同浓度的Se可以缓解Cd胁迫对菠菜地上部和根部的抑制作用,最佳缓解条件下,菠菜地上部和根部的鲜重分别为两种浓度Cd单一胁迫时的1.13倍、1.29倍和1.31倍、1.37倍,干重分别为1.78倍、2.09倍和3.03倍、4.36倍;叶绿素含量显著提高,在最佳缓解浓度下分别是两种浓度Cd单一胁迫时的1.51倍和1.35倍;与两种浓度Cd单一胁迫相比,最佳缓解浓度下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别提高了36.0%和42.8%;外源Se可以使地上部和根部的K、Na、Ca和Mg等元素的含量不同程度的增加;施Se可以有效的抑制菠菜根部对Cd的吸收、富集和向地上部的转运,使菠菜地上部和根部Cd含量显著降低,分别为两种浓度Cd单一胁迫下的65.77%、75.92%和46.11%、70.01%,表明外源Se能有效的减轻Cd胁迫对菠菜的毒害作用.对本研究所用的两种浓度Cd来说,最佳的缓解浓度为2.0 mg·L-1和4.0 mg·L-1.     

地表水和地下水中的砷、硒同时测定

通过利用双道原子荧光法,同时对地表水和地下水样品中砷、硒进行测定,具有操作更加简单、监测分析速度快、节省试剂等优点。     

广州市32种水产品的Se含量特征分析

通过酸消解,原子荧光-氢化物发生法测定了广州市部分市售水产品中Se的含量,由标准物质(GBW 08551猪肝)和回收率控制检测质量.结果表明,不同水产品中Se含量有较大差异,含量范围为(34.-1117.)×10-9,平均含量为(345.±149.)×10-9,不同类型水产品中Se含量变化特征是:甲壳类(544.±107.)×10-9＞海水鱼类(392.±86.)×10-9＞软体类(244.±89.)×10-9＞淡水鱼类(238.±97.)×10-9.     

Institutional Constraints on Cost‐Effective Water Management: Selenium Contamination in Colorado's Lower Arkansas River Valley

Ground and surface water selenium (Se) contamination is problematic throughout the world, leading to harmful impacts on aquatic life, wildlife, livestock, and humans. A groundwater reactive transport model was applied to a regional‐scale irrigated groundwater system in the Lower Arkansas River Basin in southeastern Colorado to identify management practices that remediate Se contamination. The system has levels of surface water and groundwater Se concentrations exceeding the respective chronic standard and guidelines. We evaluate potential solutions by combining the transport model with an assessment of the cost to employ those practices. We use a framework common in economics and engineering fields alike, the Pareto frontier, to show the impact of four different best management practices on the tradeoffs between Se and cost objectives. We then extend that analysis to include institutional constraints that affect the economic feasibility associated with each practice. Results indicate that although water‐reducing strategies have the greatest impact on Se, they are the hardest for farmers to implement given constraints common to western water rights institutions. Therefore, our analysis shows that estimating economic and environmental tradeoffs, as is typically done with a Pareto frontier, will not provide an accurate picture of choices available to farmers where institutional constraints should also be considered.     

DIFFERENTIAL ACCUMULATION OF SELENIUM AMONG AXIAL MUSCLE,REPRODUCTIVE AND LIVER TISSUES OF FOUR WARMWATER FISH SPECIES1

Bluegill (Lepotmis macrochirus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), white catfish (Ictalurus catus), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), collected from an electric power plant cooling reservoir and a municipal water supply reservoir near Roxboro, North Carolina, were analyzed for selenium concentrations in axial muscle, reproductive and liver tissues. Fishes from the municipal water reservoir had lower selenium concentrations (≤0.2-2.1 μg/g - wet weight) than found in the cooling reservoir fishes (1.6-70.0 μg/g - wet weight) but similar distributions of concentrations among the tissues was evident. Selenium was differentially accumulated, with higher concentrations in liver tissues (0.7-70.0 μg/g - wet weight), followed by female reproductive tissues (0.7-25.0 μg/g - wet weight), axial muscle tissues (≤0.2-23.0 μg/g - wet weight) and male reproductive tissues (0.2-7.2 μg/g - wet weight).     

生态环境中镉对生物体毒性作用机理及硒对该毒性拮抗作用的研究进展

本文综述了生态环境中镉对生物毒性作用机理及硒对镉毒性拮抗作用研究的进展。镉的毒性作用与镉诱发自由基、诱导脂质过氧化以及对其它化学元素的干扰有关，同时也与金属硫蛋白（MT）有着密切关系。硒对镉的拮抗作用与硒的抗氧化作用、与镉形成硒镉复合物以及改变镉在体内的分布有关。     

Se-Ca联合膳食干预缓解Cd诱导小鼠肝肾毒性

为探究Se-Ca联合膳食干预对生物Cd中毒的缓解效果,选取88只BALB/c小鼠,随机划分为19组,在相同饲料Cd暴露浓度下(2mg/kg)分别设置低、中、高浓度的Se和Ca单独和联合膳食干预处理,并观察30d后小鼠的生长发育、肝肾功能、氧化应激状态和组织病理变化.结果显示,Se-Ca联合干预可有效缓解Cd蓄积所致小鼠生长发育迟缓现象,且进一步促进小鼠生长;肝肾功能及氧化应激指标测定结果表明,Se-Ca联合干预对Cd暴露下小鼠肝脏AST、GSH、SOD、GSH-Px和肾脏BUN、MDA、SOD的保护效果优于单一元素干预;联合干预仅需较小剂量即可达到单独Se或Ca干预对肝肾病理损伤的最佳缓解效果.Se-Ca联合膳食干预可有效缓解Cd摄入导致的生长发育缓慢和肝肾毒性,且较之单一元素的干预效果更佳.     

洋河流域不同土地利用类型土壤硒(Se)分布及影响因素

基于洋河流域土地利用方式、海拔高度、土壤、植被类型等采集流域上下游171个代表性表层土壤(0~10 cm),系统地分析了土壤总硒(Se)含量、分布及影响因素.结果表明,洋河流域土壤总Se含量(以干重(dw)计,下同)在0.02~3.24mg·kg-1之间,几何平均值为0.30 mg·kg-1,高于北京平原(0.20 mg·kg-1)、河北平原(0.19 mg·kg-1)和全国平均值(0.29mg·kg-1).洋河流域少Se(0.13~0.18 mg·kg-1)土壤主要分布在怀安县、宣化县以及怀来县,多数地区土壤处于足Se水平(0.18~0.45 mg·kg-1),除此之外,在万全县、兴和县、天镇县及阳高县分布有富Se(0.45~2.0 mg·kg-1)土壤.不同土地利用类型中Se含量有所差异,Se平均含量由高到低分别为:林地城镇工矿用地草地农业用地,其中农业用地平均含量为0.28 mg·kg-1.成土母质、土壤类型对洋河流域Se含量影响较小.黏粒含量与洋河流域表层土壤中Se相关性最好.Se含量随海拔增高显著增加,随p H增加显著减小.TOC、Fe和Al含量也是影响土壤Se含量的重要因素.     

Methylmercury, total mercury and total selenium in four common freshwater fish species from Ya-Er Lake, China

Snakehead fish (Ophiocephalus argus cantor), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrtix), crucian carp (Carassius carassius), and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are four common freshwater fish species in China. In this study, the level of methylmercury (MeHg), total mercury (T-Hg), and total selenium (T-Se) in muscle samples of these four fish species from Ya-Er Lake, China, were analyzed using atomic fluorescence spectrometry coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentrations of MeHg in all the fish species were significantly correlated with those of T-Hg. Higher T-Hg and MeHg concentrations had accumulated in the snakehead fish, which is a strongly predatory fish, than in the other three species. The concentration ratios of MeHg and T-Hg in the muscles of these four fish species were almost equal. Conversely, there was negative correlation between the concentrations of T-Hg and T-Se, which implies that there is a competition between these two elements with respect to bioaccumulation. It is noteworthy that of all the muscle samples tested, the level of T-Hg exceeded the maximum allowable limit in fish [0.4 mg kg⁻¹ (w/w) recommended by the World Health Organization] in 38.46% of those of the silver carp, 18.18% of those of the crucian carp, and 100% of those of snakehead fish. These results show that the consumption of contaminated fish is a potential threat to human health and that necessary preventive measures to safeguard public health should be emphasized.     

Effects of Selenium Supplementation on Arsenism: An Intervention Trial in Inner Mongolia

This paper reports the effects of a placebo-controlled Se-enriched yeast supplementation trial, conducted for 14 months, on arsenism in adult farmers living in a rural community in Inner Mongolia, China. The farmers had been naturally exposed to elevated concentrations of As in drinking water from tube-wells since 1983 but changed to arsenic-free drinking water when the trial began in June 1996. Blood and hair Se and As concentrations were analysed pre-intervention and at the end of the 3rd, 9th and 14th month, while skin lesions were assessed pre-intervention, as well as at the end of the 14th month, using the Arsenism Clinical Criteria established by the Ministry of Health, China. As the trial was a voluntary one, a number of farmers did not routinely have their blood and hair samples taken for analysis. Consequently, the data have been analysed in two categories. Fifty-four farmers from the Se-group and 29 from the placebo-group who were sampled on each occasion were considered as one group, which has been compared with the second group comprising up to a total of 100 farmers in the Se-group and 86 in the placebo-group. Results calculated for those farmers who were sampled on each occasion, showed that at the end of the trial, blood and hair Se concentrations of the Se-group increased from 0.130 to 0.186 µg ml^–1 and from 0.431 to 0.502 µg g^–1, respectively, while those of the placebo-groups remained constant. Blood and hair As concentrations of the Se-group decreased from 0.051 to 0.015 µg ml^–1 and from 2.57 to 0.680 µg g^–1, respectively, a greater reduction than those in the placebo-group that went from 0.064 to 0.024 µg ml^–1 and from 2.62 to 1.25 µg g^–1, respectively. When the data from all patients were examined, the analytical trends were similar. An evaluation of skin lesions in the category who were sampled for hair and blood on each occasion showed that 41.2% of hyperkeratosis, 50.0% of depigmentation and 44.7% of pigmentation in the Se-group improved one or more degrees, while those in the placebo-group improved by only 7.1, 12.0 and 6.7%, respectively. A total of 61.1% of the adults in Se-group improved in one or more type of skin lesion, but only 17.2% improved in the placebo-group. Comparable results were obtained when all the data from both categories of farmers were examined. Results from the trial showed that Se supplementation was more effective for the improvement of adults who were affected by double or triple skin lesions. In the placebo-group, most of the severely affected adults improved in only one kind of skin lesion, but in the Se-group, more adults improved in two or three kinds of skin lesions. Although the trial was limited by its relatively small size, the results have provided some evidence of the usefulness of Se supplementation for people affected by arsenism.