线性工程选线环境比选研究

线路方案的选取决定了线性工程建设及营运期对环境影响程度的大小,而方案的环境比选是预防和减缓建设项目不良环境影响的重要措施.在建设项目选址选线和环境影响评价过程中,通过对生态环境、水环境、声环境和大气环境等多因素进行了环境比选、分析以及环境保护措施优化,选出环境最优方案,可以从源头确保项目决策的科学性和环境可行性,达到最大限度地减轻项目对沿线环境的不利影响,促进区域经济社会和环境保护的协调可持续发展.     

水稻对UV-B辐射响应的敏感性差异

综述了UV-B辐射对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）的影响和水稻对UV-B辐射的抗性机制。UV-B辐射对水稻生长、叶片形态、生物量、产量、光合系统、病害等产生一定的影响。水稻对UV-B辐射的敏感性因子主要有CPD光解酶、UV-B吸收物质、抗氧化酶等。UV-B辐射使水稻叶片中产生了ROS,导致Rubisco酶降解,光合色素含量变化,抑制了光合作用,最终影响水稻籽粒形成和产量。水稻对UV-B辐射响应存在着品种差异,CPD光解酶编码基因的自然突变会引起水稻UV-B敏感性的差异,CPD光解酶活性是水稻对UV-B敏感性的关键因素。通过建立响应指数公式,对水稻UV-B响应敏感性的品种差异进行评估,存在品种差异的原因主要是基因、生长、生理、生育期和环境背景的差异。最后对UV-B辐射对水稻的影响、水稻对UV-B响应的差异及机理有待深入研究的方向进行了展望。     

土城煤矿角联分支通风稳定性分析与控制

介绍了评价角联分支稳定性的两个指标—风流功率与风量敏感度。利用风流功率指标,衡量角联分支的通风稳定性。根据风量敏感度指标,确定影响角联分支稳定性的关键分支。在角联分支稳定性分析与关键分支确定的基础上,提出提高角联分支稳定性的技术措施,使角联分支的稳定性得到有效提高,矿井通风系统稳定性得到加强。将上述方法在土城煤矿加以应用,取得了良好效果。     

基于SSD方法比较中美物种对铜的敏感性差异

基于无机铜(以下简称铜)对中、美淡水水生动物的毒性数据,构建了中、美水生动物对铜的SSD(物种敏感度分布)曲线,比较了中、美物种的HC₅(hazardous concentration at 5th percentile of the species,保护95%以上物种的浓度水平)及其差异. 结果表明:在HC₅下,中国的水生动物对铜的敏感性排序为节肢动物>非节肢动物>鱼类,无脊椎动物>脊椎动物;而美国不同物种对铜的敏感性排序为非节肢动物>节肢动物>鱼类,无脊椎动物>脊椎动物. 根据铜短期暴露的HC₅对中、美物种敏感性进行比较可知,中国鱼类、节肢动物和脊椎动物的敏感性均大于美国相应物种;而中国非节肢无脊椎动物和无脊椎动物均小于美国相应物种. 研究所选的美国全部物种对铜的敏感性略高于中国物种,但二者仅相差0.52 μg/L. 除非节肢无脊椎动物外,中、美水生生物对铜的SSD敏感性分布均未见显著差异. 因此,在推导中国水质基准时应注重考虑敏感性物种(如节肢动物).      

经济发达地区生态系统可持续发展敏感因子和敏感区分析--以宁波市北仑区为例

生态敏感因子和生态敏感区是评价经济发达地区生态系统发展的可持续性、制定可持续发展战略的关键因素。笔者以宁波市北仑区为例进行分析,认为耕地资源危机、淡水资源短缺、环境污染、水土流失、涝、旱和台灾、酸雨及地面水污染是该区域生态系统可持续发展的主要生态敏感因子;农田,水源地、河岸带、海岸带及城镇等是区域可持续发展的主要生态敏感区。在此基础上,提出了促进经济发达地区可持续发展的对策和建议。     

布洛芬对活性污泥中功能酶活性的影响

布洛芬是常用非甾体抗炎药,使用量大、去除率低,且药品的存在会诱发水生生物发生不同应激变化。研究对比了在不同浓度梯度布洛芬暴露下活性污泥中脲酶、转化酶活性的动态变化率、总变化率的不同响应。结果表明,在布洛芬浓度为35~40μg·L~(-1)时,对脲酶活性的抑制程度超过了40%,布洛芬浓度达28μg·L~(-1)后,脲酶活性总变化率单调增加,在布洛芬浓度达到40μg·L~(-1)时,脲酶活性总变化率超过了70%。而转化酶活性动态变化率低于±20%,总变化率低于±30%。上述研究结果表明,脲酶活性在布洛芬较低浓度暴露下变化幅度大、响应快。因此推荐使用较为敏感的脲酶活性生物指标,评价布洛芬等新型有机污染物对复杂污泥机制中活性污泥微生物活性影响。相关实验数据可以对污水处理系统的潜在风险进行早期预警。     

A 'Principled' Approach to Complex Emergencies: Testing a New Aid Delivery Model in the Nuba Mountains

This paper provides an analysis of the Nuba Mountains Programme Advancing Conflict Trans-formation (NMPACT) as an example of an operational response in a complex emergency that innovatively addressed an incipient food security crisis. NMPACT is notable for having brought together an array of actors around a common principled agenda and for being the only operational programme in the Sudan to which both warring parties subscribed during the conflict. The key features of the programme are presented and the main innovative elements are reviewed, including the role of the principles of engagement and the 'political humanitarianism' of NMPACT. The paper looks at how NMPACT broke from traditional externally driven responses to food insecurity, and, drawing on lessons from Operation Lifeline Sudan, adopted an approach that focuses on capacity building, sustainable agriculture and market revitalisation, alongside conflict transformation and peace-building. The limitations of the model are also assessed, and preliminary lessons regarding its replication in other complex emergency contexts are presented.     

Local government policies toward environmentally sensitive areas in British Columbia,Canada; Washington and Oregon,USA

While there has been sustained debate on the issue of provincial and state versus local government environmental planning, maintaining privately owned natural resources in the public interest is increasingly viewed as beyond the scope of local governments alone. This paper describes and compares province- and state-level mandates and options for local governments (i.e., city, county, or district) to regulate land uses of environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) in British Columbia in Canada and in Washington and Oregon in the United States. We define ESAs as landscape elements or places that are vital to the long-term maintenance of biological diversity, soil, water, and other natural resources, especially as they relate to human health, safety, and welfare, both on-site and in a regional context. Underlying similarities are that all three jurisdictions legally express the need for land-use planning by local governments in managing ESAs. Although all three jurisdictions exhibit similar problems in their attempt to accomplish this, ESA planning by local governments is an optional process in British Columbia and Washington but mandatory in Oregon. Furthermore, actual processes prescribed by each of the three jurisdictions are quite different. The information base upon which local regulation of privately held ESAs depends is variable, both within and between the province- and statelevel jurisdictions. Other than for some specific water-related resources, standard definitions and inventory methods for ESAs are lacking, as is coordination among local governments or among the province- and state-level governments. This study concludes that there is a need for a regional environmental information system in the Pacific Northwest based upon an integrated and scientific approach toward ESA structures and functions.     

Management and valuation of an environmentally sensitive area: Norfolk Broadland,England, case study

Wetlands, like any other environmentally sensitive resource, require very careful evaluation. While it is accepted that all wetlands may be equally valuable in terms of maintaining global life-support systems, individual areas may be ranked according to their uniqueness or the irreplaceability of the resource should the wetland be developed. The various techniques available for evaluating the wetland resource in the development versus conservation conflict situation are critically assessed. Indirect appraisal via the opportunity cost method can generate valuable data which have contributed to the mitigation of such conflict situations.The Broadland, in Norfolk, England, recently designated an environmentally sensitive area (ESA), provides a case study example of wetland management. The search for an acceptable flood alleviation strategy for the ESA is examined in detail. The economic and environmental asset structure of the study area is examined at two levels. A basic screening system is applied to each of the identified flood protection planning units to enable the rank ordering of the units. A more detailed appraisal is then made of the value of selected units so that the cost-effectiveness of any planned expenditure on flood protection works can be assessed. Specific management issues and their likely effect on the environment, in terms of land use for example, are also addressed. The 1986 Agriculture Act marks a potential watershed in British conservation policy. The ESA policy encompasses a dual management strategy that attempts to stimulate compatible agricultural and conservation practices and activities. Other countries that still retain significant unspoiled wetland resources may find that preemptive regulatory government intervention in favor of conservation would help to avoid the worst aspects of the British experience.     

环境监测结果不确定度评定中灵敏系数的求解

本文介绍了重量法、容量滴定法、工作曲线法、气量法以及仪器直读式等方法,测定环境参数时,对其监测结果进行不确定度评定中,为计算标准不确定度所需的灵敏系数的求算公式.