基于双层模型的沙河流域蒸散发定量遥感估算

论文以北京市沙河流域为研究区,选择1999-2007年不同季节典型日的TM/ETM+数据,辅助相关气象观测资料,以地表蒸散发遥感反演双层模型为基础,构建了估算沙河流域地表日蒸散发反演系统。该系统包括三部分:基于双层模型的蒸发比估算;日净辐射总量估算;基于蒸发比不变法的日蒸散发估算。模拟的典型日序列中,春季晴日流域日均蒸散发约为2.28 mm、夏季2.97 mm、秋季1.59 mm、冬季0.5 mm;以林地为主的流域上游山区日蒸散发普遍高于以居民地和农田为主的下游平原区,上下游春、秋、冬季空间差别较大,夏季较小。估算结果与贾贞贞等、徐自为等利用大孔径闪烁仪和涡动相关仪的观测值对比,相对误差介于0到16%之间,平均相对误差为11.1%,均方差为0.77 mm,精度较高。     

城市有机生活垃圾厌氧发酵处理研究

在适当的PH值和搅拌条件下，研究了反应温度、总固体含量、pH值、碳氮比、碳磷比以及接种物量对有机牛活垃圾厌氧发酵产沼气的影响。实验结果表明：有机生活垃圾厌氧消化产沼气的适宜条件是：反应温度50～55℃，总固体含量23％～28％，pH=6．8～7．4，w(C)／w（N)=(20～30)，w(C)／w(P)=50，60％～75％的生物气，可实现能量回收；发酵剩余物可制有机肥，时间为15～20d。接种物量为25％～30％。在厌氧的条件下，可以制取含甲烷实现物质再利用。有机生活垃圾在厌氧消化反应器的停留时间为15～20d。     

城市快速路交通噪声影响分析——以深圳市罗湖区罗沙路为例

城市快速路是城市交通运输网的重要组成部分,其产生的交通噪声相当严重。评价城市快速路交通噪声对其两侧交通噪声敏感点的污染状况是目前面临的一个难题。文章以深圳市罗湖区罗沙路为例,对其周边的交通噪声敏感点进行现状调查,利用SoundPLAN软件模拟噪声污染状况,并对安装声屏障前后的降噪效果进行评价,为城市快速路交通噪声污染防治措施的制定提供基础数据和建议。     

Visions and strategies for growth management: Teller County/Woodland Park example

This article is the third in a series prepared to explain the Teller County growth management planning process. Once it was determined by local decision-makers that Teller County, Colorado, would pursue a policy of directed growth, concepts based on this policy were developed. These concepts presented visions and options for the future. Landscape plans then were developed for Teller County and the City of Woodland Park planning area so that these options could be visualized by local leaders and the public. The landscape plans were used as part of the ongoing citizen involvement process to inform the public about the options for growth management. To provide even more information, detailed designs were developed for specific areas in the county. From the landscape plan, public involvement effort, and detailed designs, specific implementation measures were identified, discussed, and adopted. These measures included guidelines for administration, so that county and city goals could be linked to the actual day-to-day management of development proposals. Paper 3 in a series of 3.     

Estimating health damage cost from secondary sulfate particles--a case study of Hunan Province, China

IntroductionChina’senergyusepattern ,characterizedbyadominatingrelianceoncoal,hasledtosevereSO2pollutionandresultinghealthdamage .Withconsumptionsoffossilfuelsstilltogrow ,totalhealthdamageisanticipatedtoincrease ,whichwillbeagreatchallengetoChina.Thischallengerequirescomprehensivehealthimpactassessmenttoguideenvironmentalpolicyandreorientpublicopinioninfavorofeffectivepreventiveaction .Generally,the“ImpactPathwayApproach”(Krewit,1 999;Thanh ,2 0 0 0 ) ,whichlinkstheemissiontoconcentrat…     

烟囱高度合理性论证技术方法研究

通过研究有关烟囱高度合理性的国家标准、规定和方法,指出影响污染物落地浓度的主要影响因子,结合一些烟囱高度合理性设计的实例,总结出了一套论证烟囱高度合理性的方案,并从气象和环境空气影响角度对不同高度烟囱合理性进行了检验.分析结果表明,烟囱高度要以适合当地气象和环境空气质量实际情况为原则,最大限度地减轻污染物落地浓度对当地造成的不利影响.这对减轻污染和减少厂家经费投入以及对于指导大气环境影响评价工作具有重要的现实意义.     

县域生态功能区划研究——以桐柏县为例

结合桐柏县的实例，对县域生态功能区划分的原则和方法进行初步探讨。综合利用3S技术对县域生态敏感性和生态服务功能重要性的分析和评价，提出桐柏县生态服务功能区划的初步方案。将桐柏县划分为生态支持区，产品供给区，生态调节区。简要分析了各功能区在桐柏县经济可持续发展中的地位和作用，指出各区协调发展的方向和途征。     

Complexation of arsenate with humic substance in water extract of compost

The interactions of environmental toxicants with organic substances affect the speciation and dynamics, and subsequent toxicity, mobility, and fate of toxicants in the environment. For the purpose of understanding the complexation of As(V) with humic substances, arsenate-containing solutions with As concentrations from 1 to 8 mg l⁻¹ were prepared to react with the water extract of compost (WEC). All the reaction systems including the control were incubated for 48 h at 25 °C. The complexation of As(V) with humic substance was examined by dialysis and ion exchange techniques. From 30% to 51% of added As(V) reacted with organic substance in WEC to form an As–metal–organic complex. This was verified as a hydrophobic organic fraction after separation of As–metal–organic complex fraction from the hydrophilic fraction by XAD-8 resin. The complex substance was also identified as a humic substance by the method of proton binding formation function determination. This suggests that cations, such as Ca and Mg, and especially Fe, Al, and Mn act in cation bridging in the complexation of As(V) with humic substance. The role of metals in the complexation of As(V) with humic substance in terrestrial and especially aquatic environments thus merits close attention.     

Changes in enantiomeric fraction as evidence of natural attenuation of mecoprop in a limestone aquifer

Natural attenuation of the chiral pesticide mecoprop [2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid] has been studied by determining changes in its enantiomeric fraction in different redox environments down gradient of a landfill in the Lincolnshire Limestone. Previous studies have shown that mecoprop degrades predominantly aerobically and that differences in the biological behaviour of the two enantiomers will change their relative proportions during biodegradation. Originally deposited as a racemic mixture, there has been no change in the enantiomeric fraction in the most polluted part of the landfill plume where conditions are sulphate reducing/methanogenic. In the nitrate-reducing zone, the proportion of (S)-mecoprop increases, suggesting preferential degradation of (R)-mecoprop; while in the aerobic zone, the proportion of (R)-mecoprop increases, suggesting faster degradation of (S)-mecoprop. Mecoprop persistence in the confined Lincolnshire Limestone further downdip is explained by inhibition of degradation in sulphate-reducing conditions, which develop naturally. Laboratory microcosm experiments using up to 10 mg l(-1) of mecoprop confirm these inferences and show that under aerobic conditions, (S)-mecoprop and (R)-mecoprop degrade with zero-order kinetics at rates of 1.90 and 1.32 mg l(-1) day(-1), respectively. Under nitrate-reducing conditions (S)-mecoprop does not degrade, but (R)-mecoprop degrades with zero-order kinetics at 0.65 mg l(-1) day(-1) to produce a stoichiometric equivalent amount of 4-chloro-2-methylphenol. This metabolite only degrades when the (R)-mecoprop has disappeared. The addition of nitrate to a dormant iron-reducing microcosm devoid of nitrate stimulated anaerobic degradation of (R)-mecoprop after a lag period of 21 days. There was no evidence for enantiomeric inversion. The study demonstrates the sensitivity of changes in enantiomeric fraction for detecting natural attenuation, and reveals subtle differences in mecoprop degradation in different redox environments within the Lincolnshire Limestone aquifer.     

我国城市生活垃圾组分含水率及其特征分析

含水率是预测生活垃圾能源回收和渗滤液污染潜力的关键参数,对选择合适的生活垃圾处理技术有重要意义.根据各物理组分组成比例和组分含水率,估算混合生活垃圾含水率,是规划和设计生活垃圾处理设施时的重要方法.本文通过分析近年来的文献资料,提出适合我国生活垃圾特征的典型物理组分含水率数据清单;比较20个中国城市文献数据的模拟估算与实测结果,发现对大部分城市的估算误差在10%以内,远低于采用丹麦,美国等发达国家数据的估算误差.对比中国、丹麦和美国的组分含水率数据清单,发现我国生活垃圾中的纸类、织物、塑料、渣石等组分的含水率显著偏高,原因在于我国生活垃圾的食品废物含量高,混合收集过程中水分在组分间迁移所致.