贡嘎山冷杉林带草海子小流域土壤及湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及迁移特征

磷（P）是控制水体生态系统生产力的重要元素,了解陆地与水体间P的迁移特征,是了解控制水体生态系统中P有效供给的重要途径。本研究选择青藏高原东缘贡嘎山海拔2800 m左右峨眉冷杉林带中一小湖泊——草海子及其流域,通过对流域内土壤、湖泊沉积物中P的形态组成分析,探讨流域内P的形态组成及其迁移特征。结果表明,草海子流域内土壤成土母质中的磷以Ca-P为主,表层土壤中的磷以Al、Fe结合态为主,占总磷的49%~80%,而湖泊沉积物中Al、Fe结合态P下降到46%左右。在成土作用及植物吸收的过程中P由土壤剖面下部向上迁移,迁移的主要形态为树脂提取态（或称可交换态,R-P）,而R-P还是由陆地向水体迁移的主要形态P。土壤的Al、Fe结合态P难以释放转化,因此少有随地表径流迁移向湖泊。     

Treatability of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated soils of different textures along a vertical profile by mechanical soil aeration: A laboratory test

Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technology that is suitable for sites contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons(VCHs). Conventionally, this technique is used to treat the mixed soil of a site without considering the diversity and treatability of different soils within the site. A laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical soil aeration for remediating soils of different textures(silty,clayey, and sandy soils) along a vertical profile at an abandoned chloro-alkali chemical site in China. The collected soils were artificially contaminated with chloroform(TCM) and trichloroethylene(TCE). Mechanical soil aeration was effective for remediating VCHs(removal efficiency 98%). The volatilization process was described by an exponential kinetic function.In the early stage of treatment(0–7 hr), rapid contaminant volatilization followed a pseudofirst order kinetic model. VCH concentrations decreased to low levels and showed a tailing phenomenon with very slow contaminant release after 8 hr. Compared with silty and sandy soils, clayey soil has high organic-matter content, a large specific surface area, a high clay fraction, and a complex pore structure. These characteristics substantially influenced the removal process, making it less efficient, more time consuming, and consequently more expensive. Our findings provide a potential basis for optimizing soil remediation strategy in a cost-effective manner.     

线性工程选线环境比选研究

线路方案的选取决定了线性工程建设及营运期对环境影响程度的大小,而方案的环境比选是预防和减缓建设项目不良环境影响的重要措施.在建设项目选址选线和环境影响评价过程中,通过对生态环境、水环境、声环境和大气环境等多因素进行了环境比选、分析以及环境保护措施优化,选出环境最优方案,可以从源头确保项目决策的科学性和环境可行性,达到最大限度地减轻项目对沿线环境的不利影响,促进区域经济社会和环境保护的协调可持续发展.     

不同空气质量等级下环境空气颗粒物及其碳组分变化特征

为研究不同空气质量等级下环境空气颗粒物及其碳组分变化特征,于2016年3月在廊坊市对环境空气中PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM1质量浓度及PM_(2.5)中碳组分质量浓度进行了在线监测.结果表明,监测期间廊坊市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM1质量浓度较高,其分别为204.1、107.9和87.8μg·m~(-3),日变化趋势呈双峰型分布.总体来说,当空气质量越好,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM1及其碳组分(OC、EC、SOC和POC)质量浓度越低,PM1/PM_(2.5)、PM1/PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值越小.但"中度污染"时,PM_(10)质量浓度最高,且PM1/PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)达到谷底值;同时OC质量浓度比"轻度污染"略低,而明显低于"重度污染",且主要出现在13:00~23:00,表明"中度污染"时细颗粒物和超细颗粒物占比下降,与其对应的首要污染物相一致.此外,OC/EC比值大于2.0,通过最小OC/EC比值法估算PM_(2.5)中SOC和POC,其浓度均值分别为12.2μg·m~(-3)和5.0μg·m~(-3).     

Long-term leaching of uranium from different waste matrices

A semi-dynamic leaching test was carried out for metallurgical wastes and ore samples from the uranium and copper mining industry over a 142 day period using distilled water and 0.1N NaNO(3) as solvents. Laser fluorimetry was used as the analytical technique to determine the total uranium content in the leachates. The cumulative leach fraction (CLF) of uranium release from the samples was calculated to be 0.22, 0.22, 0.07 and 0.39% for rock, uranium tailings, copper kinker ash samples and copper tailings respectively using distilled water as solvent and 0.31, 0.27, 0.05 and 0.59% for the same matrices using 0.1N NaNO(3). The release of mobile uranium fraction was very slow, being faster in the initial stage and then attained a near steady state condition. The diffusion coefficient and bulk release of uranium from the samples have been calculated. The processes governing the release of uranium from these matrices have been identified to be surface wash-off and diffusion. Hence the use of weak solvents (leach out the mobile/exchangeable fraction of uranium) under semi-dynamic conditions aids the determination of leaching parameters and identification of the leaching mechanism for mobile uranium fraction from different matrices by slow leaching processes.     

液化石油气点火能试验及爆炸火焰传播分析

为研究液化石油气体积分数与点火能的关系以及爆炸火焰的传播过程,在实验室应用特制的爆炸试验装置,采用调节点火能和液化石油气体积分数的方法,进行一系列爆炸试验,并使用高速摄像机记录爆炸的动态过程。试验结果表明,当液化石油气的试验爆炸体积分数在5%～9%时,其体积分数与点火能之间呈现比较平缓的变化关系,而当其体积分数小于5%或大于9%时,体积分数的稍微变化,其点火能将发生显著的变化。爆炸过程图像分析显示,在爆炸初期,火焰阵面的微分加速起主导作用。随着火焰从点火源位置向四周扩散,光滑的层流火焰开始逐步"湍流化",火焰阵面出现皱折,燃烧面积增加,火焰传播速度逐渐上升直至最大值。在整个过程中,火焰阵面出现非稳定的加速。     

短期氮添加对黄土高原人工刺槐林土壤有机碳组分的影响

人类活动背景下,氮(N)沉降持续影响着生态系统的碳循环.氮沉降对土壤有机碳的影响与不同碳组分的差异性响应有关.为探究短期氮沉降背景下土壤有机碳组分变化及其影响因素,基于野外氮添加试验,以刺槐人工林为研究对象,共设置4个氮添加梯度：0(CK)、1.5(N1)、3(N2)和6(N3) g·(m²·a)^-1,分别在6月和9月进行取样,测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性.结果表明：(1)外源氮输入降低了土壤pH,促进可溶性有机碳含量的增加,增加了土壤氮素有效性.(2)短期氮添加显著降低了土壤有机碳含量,且有机碳各组分对氮添加响应不同.其中,易氧化有机碳含量显著降低,且在N2处理下达到最低,与对照相比分别降低了54.4%和48.2%,惰性有机碳含量增加,但增加不显著.氮添加降低了土壤碳库活度,提高了土壤碳库的稳定性.土壤碳库活度分别在N3和N2处理下达到最低,与对照相比分别降低了53.3%和52.80%.(3)随机森林模型表明,短期氮添加下土壤微生物生物量化学计量比、微生物生物量碳和AP是驱动土壤有机碳活度变化的关键因子,分别解释了易氧化有机碳和惰...     

椰纤维生物炭及其硝酸改性对稻田土壤中Pb钝化的影响

通过土壤培养实验,并结合扫描电镜(SEM)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、同步辐射X射线荧光(μ-XRF)和傅立叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)等光谱学技术,探明椰纤维生物炭(CFB)和硝酸改性椰纤维生物炭(NCFB)对稻田土壤钝化外源铅(Pb)的效果及其内在机制.与CFB相比,NCFB蜂窝状孔内壁更粗糙,且硝酸改性后CFB表面含C—O结构的醇酚醚类官能团量明显降低,含■结构的羧基类的官能团量明显增加.相较于培养150 d后的对照(不添加生物炭)稻田土壤,添加CFB和NCFB的稻田土壤中EDTA提取态Pb含量分别降低了39.7%和105.4%.添加NCFB的土壤中碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb含量显著降低且有机结合态和残渣态Pb含量则显著升高,SRXRF扫描结果可知外源Pb在富含Ca和Cu元素的CFB颗粒微区大量富集,在富含Fe、 Mn和Ti元素的土壤团聚体微区富集相对较少.另外,培养实验中,相较于无外源Pb时A-CFB和A-NCFB,有外源Pb时A-CFB_Pb和A-NCFB_Pb中的羧酸盐特征峰(1 384 cm^-1)...     

生活垃圾腐殖土物化性质及资源化利用途径——以浙江省某高龄期填埋场为例

以填埋龄期23~37a、粒径<15mm腐殖土为对象,测试分析了其物质组成、理化性质和浸出液性质.测试与分析结果表明:腐殖土中粒径范围2~15mm、0.075~2mm和<0.075mm的组分分别占比42.9%~53.9%、40.9%~44.1%和5.1%~13.0%,属于细粒砂土;随着填埋龄期增加,腐殖土特征粒径d₅₀和d₁₀呈现减小趋势,比重明显增大,并在30a后趋于稳定.腐殖土中有机质含量(18.1%~19.1%,)、氮磷钾含量、浸出液pH值(7.26~8.30)及电导率(1.08~2.51mS/cm)等指标均满足国家现行《绿化用有机基质》要求.腐殖土中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr含量均超出国家现行《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》、《绿化种植土壤》和《绿化用有机基质》的标准要求,内梅罗综合污染指数高达15.48~17.95,属于重度污染类型,且重金属主要富集在粒径<2mm的细颗粒.建议将腐殖土进一步精细化筛分为粒径2~15mm与粒径<2mm两部分,针对粒径<2mm部分采用微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀等技术,降低重金属浸出浓度.处理后的腐殖土可作为园林绿化、填埋场覆盖以及废弃矿山修复的绿化土层.