Response of antioxidase in viscera of Pagrosuma major larvae to water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil

Pagrosomus major larvae were to the water-soluble fraction of hydrocarbon in No.0 diesel oil(corresponding to No.2 fuel oil) at concentration of 0,0.17,1.22 and 8.82mg/L for up to 15 days.Larvae were sampled on days 9 and 15 of the experiment.Supernatants of viscera tissue extractions were assayed for biochemical response in terms of oxidative stress-superoxide dismutase(SOD),activity of selenium-dependant glutathione peroxidase(Se-GPx) and catalase(Ca),and the concentration of reduced glutathione(CSH).On day 9 of exposure ,statistically significant dose-related increases in Se-GPx and SOD activity,and GSH concentration were observed in all cases except for Se-GPx activity under the highest dosage of hydrocarbon.However,on day 15 of exposure, a similar dose-related in all cases except for Se-GPx activity under the highest dosage of hydrocarbon.However,on day 15 of exposure, a similar dose-related response was only observed for Se-GPx activity.GSH concentration decreased and SOD activity showed no statistical difference as compared to controls.However, a significant decrease in compared to day 9 Se-GPx activity and GSH concentration, in contrast to increase SOD activity at day 15 as indicates an accelerated accumulation of H2O2 and potential oxidative damage under long term exposure of larvae to hydrocarbons.No statistical changes were observed in Ca activity throughout the experiment, possibly owing to the high efficiency of Se-GPx.A recovery experiment was performed on indicating that the response of antioxidants measured tending to returm to return to their control levels.These results prove the function of the antioxidant defense system of the larvae to the water-soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil.     

Sensitivity and Vulnerability in Marine Environments: an Approach to Identifying Vulnerable Marine Areas

Abstract:  Marine environments have suffered from a lack of quantitative methods for delineating areas that are sensitive or vulnerable to particular stresses, natural and anthropogenic. We define sensitivity as the degree to which marine features respond to stresses, which are deviations of environmental conditions beyond the expected range. Vulnerability can then be defined as the probability that a feature will be exposed to a stress to which it is sensitive. Using these definitions, we provide a quantitative methodology for identifying vulnerable marine areas based on valued ecological features, defined as biological or physical features, processes, or structures deemed by humans to have environmental, social, cultural, or economic significance. The vulnerability of the valued ecological features is a function of their sensitivity to particular stresses and their vulnerability to those stresses. We used the methodology to demonstrate how vulnerable marine areas for two groups of endangered whale species (inshore and offshore) could be identified with a predictive habitat model and acoustic stress surfaces. Acoustic stress surfaces were produced for ferry traffic, commercial shipping traffic, potential offshore oil production, and small-boat traffic. The vulnerabilities of the two whale groups to the four stressors considered in this example were relatively similar; however, inshore species were more sensitive to on-shelf, coastal activities such as offshore hydrocarbon production, ferry traffic, and small-boat traffic. Our approach demonstrates how valued features can be associated with stresses and the likelihood of encountering these stresses (vulnerability) in order to identify geographic areas for management and conservation purposes. The method can be applied to any combination of valued ecological features and stressors.     

四川水稻气候生态类型分异及区划

本文根据中国光温生态试验资料及四川水稻品比试验与气象观测的历史资料,讨论了早、中稻感温性和对温度的适应性,分析了播期、纬度、海拔等因素与稻种需求积温量的关系,以水稻品种类型对热量的适应性指标为依据,考虑四川水稻气候生态的差异性,划分出水稻综合气候生态类型区。     

新型长时热流测量装置的研制及应用

目的设计一种新型热流测量装置,使传感器满足长时间热流测量的需求,且传感器外表面可以适量打磨,与飞行器的气动外型面完好随型。方法采用铜和钢作为备选材料,施加相同的表面热流边界,对比敏感端内外壁温差情况。优化热流辨识传感器传热路径、敏感端厚度,通过有限元模型分析打磨对热流辨识结果的影响。基于优化结果,研制出热流测量装置,并通过地面试验验证该装置的有效性。结果从热响应获取时间延迟角度来看,Cu比钢具有较大的优势。综合考虑敏感端外表面需要与飞行器外表面随型打磨,选用5 mm的厚度具有一定的安全可靠性。敏感端的适度打磨基本不影响温度测量结果。辨识获得的热流数据与实际控制热流吻合较好,最大偏差约15%。结论成功研制了热流测量装置,并通过地面热试验证明了热流测量的有效性。     

独山锑冶炼厂周边土壤锑砷空间分布特征、污染评价及健康风险评估

以贵州省独山县某锑矿冶炼厂周边土壤为研究对象,按照辐射布点取样的原则,布设45个采样点,共采集0~30 cm的土壤样品135件.基于GIS空间分析、内梅罗指数及人群健康风险评价等研究方法,分析了地形和风向对锑（Sb）在土壤中分布的影响,并对Sb和As在该区域土壤中的含量、空间分布、污染水平及人体健康风险进行了探究与评估.结果表明,Sb在新、老两厂周边不同深度（0~10、10~20、20~30 cm）土壤中的含量平均值分别是贵州省背景值的11.90、9.24、4.32和8.13、8.06、4.88倍,且随深度增加呈明显降低的垂直分布特征,其在20~30 cm深度土壤中的含量接近贵州省土壤背景值.而As在不同深度土壤中的含量变化不明显,总体平均值在贵州省土壤背景值的1.39~1.62倍之间.老冶炼厂周边土壤中Sb有效态含量占比均高于新厂区,且随土壤深度的增加而增加,而As在各层位土壤中均以残渣态为主,其含量占比高达80%以上.Sb在新、老冶炼厂周边土壤中的分布受到地形和主导风向影响,在烟囱周边300 m范围内土壤中Sb含量最高,随距离增加呈现缓慢降低特征;同时,土壤中Sb含量随海拔的增加而降低.从土壤污染的空间分布上看,老冶炼厂东北面土壤尚属清洁,其余区域达到轻微污染水平.人体健康风险评价结果显示,冶炼厂周边土壤中As的致癌风险不明显,As和Sb对成人与儿童的非致癌健康风险均较小.     

Qualitative assessment on premature human mortality due to the emission of fine particulate matter from the Matarbari coal power plant

This study reports the probability of increased mortality of people within the political border of Bangladesh due to the emission of fine particulate matter with diameters of 2.5 microns or less (PM_2.5) from the Matarbari coal power plant (MCPP). A Gaussian plume dispersion model has been used for this estimation. The PM_2.5 emission rate data are unavailable as the construction of MCPP is still in its initial stage; therefore, the anticipated PM_2.5 emission rate has been estimated based on data from a number of coal‐fired power plants in India and China. To make this study more meaningful, two different emission rates have been considered representing the best‐case and worst‐case scenarios. In both cases, the intake fraction has been found to be 0.12×10^?2, and the value of relative risk varies between 1.134 and 1.374, respectively. Finally, it is estimated that approximately 11.5 million people inside Bangladesh will be exposed to the PM_2.5 emission from MCPP, and between 7,667 and 17,675 people will experience premature death every year.     

太原市某城区四季大气PM2.5中重金属污染特征分析

为了研究太原市大气PM_(2.5)中重金属污染的季节变化特征,于2012年12月至2013年9月4个季度典型时段在太原市迎泽区采集环境大气PM_(2.5)样品,采用连续提取法和电热板消解法分析了样品中5种重金属元素的化学形态和总浓度,并对重金属的生物有效性进行了评价.结果表明,1太原市迎泽区大气中PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度高达122.08~211.81μg·m~(-3),其四季日均浓度呈现为:冬季春季夏季秋季.2大气PM_(2.5)中重金属浓度在4个季节呈现一定的季节变化,其中Cu和Ni的季节变化不明显,Cr在夏、秋季浓度较高,Pb、Cd的浓度在冬季最高.3PM_(2.5)中不同重金属化学形态分布不同,除Cu外,其他4种重金属在不同季节的各化学形态含量基本相同,超过75%的Pb和Cd的分布在可溶态与可交换态、碳酸盐态、可氧化态与可还原态;Ni和Cr主要以有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态和残渣态为主;Cu在春、夏、秋季主要分布在有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态和残渣态两种形态中,在冬季主要在可氧化态与可还原态和有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态两种形态中.4PM_(2.5)中5种重金属的生物有效性大小顺序为CdPbCuNiCr;Cd和Pb为生物可利用性元素,Cu、Ni和Cr为潜在生物可利用性元素.     

Total and Extractable Trace Elements in Lebanese River Sediments: Dry Season Data

Years of political instability have left Lebanon with significant gaps in environmental knowledge. This paper reports new results for trace metals in bed sediments of the river Nahr-lbrahim. The drainage basin of the river Nahr-lbrahim is largely floored by karstified limestone. Metal pollution is operative within the catchment. The objectives of this study were first to identify possible sources of metals (geological and/or anthropogenic) and then to characterise the chemical partitioning of the metals in the sediments. Bed load sediments were sampled at five locations along a 13km stretch from the river mouth, during the dry season. Samples were collected on two dates, dried and then sieved into three mechanical fractions. We report total Fe, Cu, Pb and Zn contents of the <75m sediment fraction for the dry season and interpret the results in terms of geology and point and non-point discharges to the river. Total metal contents were derived from summing the concentrations of metals in the chemical fractions of the sediments. A sequential chemical extraction procedure was applied to the <75m fraction and the data showed that, except for Fe, the carbonate fraction had the largest role in metal sediment deposition.     

受限空间瓦斯爆炸链式反应机理的敏感性分析

瓦斯爆炸是一种复杂的链式反应,为了探求其链式反应的动力学特性,采用详细的瓦斯爆炸链式反应机理(包括53种组分,325个反应),利用软件CHEMKINⅢ中的SENKIN子程序包,利用SENKIN子程序包中的敏感性分析程序块对瓦斯爆炸的详细化学反应机理进行分析,找出对瓦斯爆炸过程反应动力学特性影响较大的反应步。通过数值计算和模拟,对瓦斯爆炸过程中反应物浓度、自由基以及致灾性气体的生成和变化做了敏感性分析,得出了影响瓦斯爆炸的关键反应步为R158,R53,R98,R57,R155,R156,R38,R32,R119。     

兰州城关区冬春季PM10的化学组分和来源分析

为了解兰州市城关区冬春季PM10的来源,利用电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)测定了PM10中全样和水溶性Ti、V、Cr、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sb、Pb、Ba、Mg 、Al和Fe元素的浓度.研究结果表明,兰州市城关区冬春季PM10中这些全样和水溶性元素的总浓度均表现为冬季高于春季,且除部分地壳元素(Al...