红壤不同粒级组分中砷的形态——基于连续分级提取和XANES研究

土壤固相由不同大小的土壤颗粒构成.研究砷在土壤不同粒级组分中的形态,有助于深入了解土壤中砷的生物有效性、移动性及其环境风险.本文以砷吸附能力很强的红壤为研究对象,采用传统化学提取法研究了砷在各粒级组分（50～250μm,5～50μm,1～5μm和〈1μm）中的含量和形态,并采用X射线吸收近边结构（XANES）光谱法表征...     

Effect of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter on toxicity and bioavailability of copper to lettuce

To clarify the e ects of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the toxicity and bioavailability of copper (Cu) to plants, DOM extracted from chicken manure was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to their molecular weights by means of sequential-stage ultrafiltration technique. Lettuce seeds were germinated by being exposed to the solutions containing Cu2+ with or without di erent fractions of DOM. The concentration of copper in roots, leaves, sprouts and the length of roots were investigated. The results showed that not all fractions of DOM could improve copper availability or toxicity. The fraction of DOM with larger molecular weight more than 1 kDa had higher complexation stability with Cu2+ and caused lower concentration of free Cu2+ ion in the solution of copper plus the fraction, resulting in lower availability and toxicity of copper to lettuce, but the fraction with molecular weight less than 1 kDa had the opposite function. Therefore, the molecular weight of 1 kDa may be the division point to determine DOM to increase or decrease copper availability and toxicity.     

室内人体行走引起颗粒物再悬浮的试验研究

室内人员活动是室内颗粒物再悬浮的重要因素,研究室内颗粒物再悬浮对评估室内空气质量有重要意义.以南开大学津南校区某公共教室为研究区域,通过现场试验研究了室内地面不同积尘负荷下,人员行走引起的PM_2.5再悬浮浓度及其扩散速率.结果表明:①不同时间间隔内的室内地面总颗粒积尘负荷不同,时间间隔为3、7、15 d时,室内PM_2.5积尘负荷分别为0.11、0.18、0.30 g/m2.②室内地面不同总颗粒积尘负荷下,在室内中心过道处行走时引起的PM_2.5再悬浮浓度约1 min后达到最高值,PM_2.5再悬浮浓度达到最高值的时间与地面不同总颗粒积尘负荷的关系不明显.③随着室内地面总颗粒积尘负荷的增加,人体行走引起的PM_2.5再悬浮浓度也会增加.当室内PM_2.5积尘负荷为0.30 g/m2时,行走路径中游坐姿1.1 m处与站姿呼吸平面1.5 m处的PM_2.5再悬浮浓度平均值分别为3.03、2.68 μg/m3,约是室内PM_2.5积尘负荷为0.18与0.11 g/m2时引起的PM_2.5再悬浮浓度平均值的2~3倍.④利用颗粒物传输模型对PM_2.5再悬浮进行量化分析发现,室内地面不同总颗粒积尘负荷的大小与PM_2.5再悬浮分数无关,PM_2.5再悬浮分数为2.2×10-8;室内PM_2.5积尘负荷为0.11、0.18、0.30 g/m2时,行走引起的再悬浮PM_2.5扩散速率分别为7.62×10-11、1.25×10-10、2.08×10-10 kg/s.研究显示,地面积尘负荷的大小会影响人体行走时颗粒物的扩散速率与室内PM_2.5浓度.      

背角无齿蚌不同组织的基因组DNA甲基化分析

用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)对背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)腮、唇瓣、闭壳肌、外套膜和斧足五个组织基因组DNACCGG区域的甲基化水平进行了分析.结果表明,背角无齿蚌腮基因组DNA甲基化比例为47.9%,唇瓣甲基化比例为35.5%,闭壳肌甲基化比例为50%,外套膜甲基化比例为46.3%,斧足甲基化比例为56%;基因组中CCGG区域存在甲基化现象.不同组合甲基化比例不同说明该区域甲基化可能参与到基因的调控中.通过比较不同地点的采集的背角无齿蚌,发现污染严重地区(太湖三山岛水域)采集到的样品和非污染地区(南泉养殖水域)采集的蚌样甲基化区域略有变化.其中的相关性有待进一步的研究.     

苏州市环境敏感地的划定研究

工业化和城市化进程的迅猛推进促使人类开发与建设活动不断侵占坡地、优质农田等环境敏感地区,产生了众多生态环境问题,影响了区域可持续发展。针对不同类型区域的特点,对环境敏感地进行分类,划清区域未来开发与保护的界限,对实现区域健康发展具有重要的现实意义。论文从环境敏感地对经济发展的保障与支撑能力以及环境敏感地在苏州全市域生态功能保护区的重要性程度为出发点,将苏州市环境敏感地划分为生态功能敏感地、地表水源敏感地、污染影响敏感地、优质农田敏感地和潜在灾害敏感地5类,并进一步明确其空间分布范围,为苏州市建设用地扩张控制、资源管理、生态保护提供了理论依据。     

Adsorption and thermodynamic parameters of chlorantraniliprole and dinotefuran on clay loam soil with difference in particle size and pH

The behavior of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and dinotefuran (DNF) insecticides was investigated in clay loam soil, a common type of the Egyptian soil. Effect of temperature, pH and particle size of the soil on the adsorption process was studied. Adsorption isotherm by bulk soil and its constituents; humic acid (HA), clay, silt and sand fractions was measured using batch equilibration technique. The results showed that the adsorption of the insecticides tested was significantly affected by the temperature and was a spontaneous interfacial process in the soil. Freundlich model accurately predicted the adsorption behavior of both insecticides. The interaction between soil and insecticides was endothermic and the highest adsorption for CAP and DNF was obtained at pH 9. However, the effect of pH on the adsorption of DNF was lower than that of CAP. Sorption of CAP and DNF on HA fraction was significantly greater than on clay fraction and bulk soil. In addition, the adsorption was significantly increased with particle size decrease. It could be inferred that the adsorption of CAP and DNF on clay loam soil was physical in nature and greatly influenced by the soil components, pH and temperature.     

Subcellular distribution op neurotoxic esterase activity in lamb and mouse brain

Abstract

Brain tissue samples of nice (7.5 g from 25 mouse brains and lamb (25 g) were homogenized and subcellular fractions prepared in order to assay the distribution of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity. The specific inhibitor, N,N‐diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (mipafox) was synthesized and purified. Maximum specific activity of NTE was reached in the microsomal fraction (110,000 g) while the enzyme activity in the soluble fraction (110,000 g) was extremely low. This subcellular distribution of NTE activity in mammal brains is an original contribution. Brain microsomal fraction is suggested to be a more reliable source for the highest activity of NTE. The specific activity of NTE of lamb brain was much higher than that of mouse brain. This night help interpretation of the characteristic species variation in susceptibility to NTE inhibitors which are known to be potent delayed neurotoxic agents.     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其污染评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR连续提取法研究了沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、V和Pb等8种重金属元素的分布特征,同时运用潜在风险指数法和地累积指数法综合评价了巢湖沉积物中重金属的生态风险。结果表明,巢湖沉积物中的重金属含量在空间上表现出东西高、中间低的分布特征。巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、V和Cu 5种重金属都主要以残渣态为主,Zn和Cd主要以弱酸提取态为主,Pb以可还原态为主,同时,Co和Cu 2种元素的可交换态及可还原态含量占有较高比例,具有潜在危害性。相关性分析显示,Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cd 6种重金属元素的来源和分布可能具有相似性,Co和V 2种重金属元素具有相似的地球化学行为且其主要来源可能与其他几种重金属不同。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中8种重金属元素构成的生态危害顺序为:Cd>Pb>Co>Cu>Ni>Zn>V>Cr,Cd具有高的生态危害等级,其他7种重金属元素均为低生态危害等级。地累积指数法评价结果表明:巢湖沉积物重金属元素的富集程度为Cd>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>V>Ni>Cr,Cr属于清洁级别,Co、Cu、V和Ni处于轻度污染水平,Zn和Pb处于偏中度污染,Cd达到了重污染水平。     

Linking desorption kinetics to phenanthrene biodegradation in soil

The desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) often exhibits a biphasic profile similar to that observed for biodegradation whereby an initial rapid phase of degradation or desorption is followed by a phase of much slower transformation or release. Most investigations to-date have utilised a polymeric sorbent, such as Tenax, to characterise desorption, which is methodologically unsuitable for the analysis of soil. In this study, desorption kinetics of ¹⁴C-phenanthrene were measured by consecutive extraction using aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD). The data indicate that the fraction extracted after 24 h generally approximated the linearly sorbed, rapidly desorbing fraction (F_rap), calculated using a three-compartment model. A good linear correlation between phenanthrene mineralised and F_rap was observed (r² = 0.89; gradient = 0.85; intercept = 8.20). Hence HPCD extraction (24 h) and first-order three-compartment modelling appear to provide an operationally straightforward tool for estimating mass-transfer limited biodegradation in soil.