高速公路声敏感点降噪措施改善研究

以四川省某高速公路沿线的居民噪声投诉案件为例,开展了敏感点声环境质量现状及既有声屏障措施效果调查分析,并采用文献调研及Cadna/A软件建模计算的方法,分别从噪声源、噪声传播途径、敏感建筑物三个层次进行了敏感点降噪措施改善研究,研究结果可为高速公路营运单位解决实际噪声扰民问题提供技术支撑,研究过程及方法可供类似项目参考...     

饮用水源致癌风险早期预警SNPs监测技术

综述了饮用水源污染致癌早期预警的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)检测技术,内容包括SNPs技术及其应用研究领域,癌症敏感基因与SNPs,饮用水源致癌早期预警SNPs监测技术等。该技术的应用对于早期诊断、预警、预防、控制饮用水源污染致癌,保护人体健康,保障后代生命安全,具有现实意义。     

Phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of floodplain sediments in the lower reaches of the Hanjiang River, China

The phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of seven floodplain sediment samples collected in the lower reaches of China’s Hanjiang River were studied. Most phosphorus fractions showed a marked downstream increase in response to point-source inputs from urban areas. Total phosphorus (TP) contents in the sediments ranged from 603.68 to 945.25 mg.kg⁻¹. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the major component of TP, and calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca–P) was the major fraction of IP. The distribution characteristics of the phosphorus contents were affected by sediment grain size and hydrodynamic conditions. The maximum phosphorus adsorption capacities (Q _max) and the half-saturation concentration (k) were obtained using an improved Langmuir model. Native adsorbed exchangeable phosphorus content (w _NAP) and the zero-equilibrium phosphorus concentration value (c _EPC0) were subsequently calculated. The effects of sediment grain size, temperature, and disturbance on the phosphorus adsorption isotherms were also studied. The results showed that phosphorus adsorption on floodplain sediments was primarily chemisorption; the particle concentration effect played a more important role at a disturbance intensity of 150 r.min⁻¹ (on a shaker table) than at 100 r.min⁻¹.     

Exploration of relationships between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables using multivariate statistic analysis in a eutrophic shallow lake： A S-year study

Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions. However, it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To elucidate relationships between them, in a eutrophic shallow lake, Taihu Lake, relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity. The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus （TP） played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons （i.e. temperature in winter, spring and summer; TP in spring, summer and autumn）; COD （chemical oxygen demand） and BOD （biological oxygen demand） presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring, summer and autumn. However, a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn, and conversely negative ones in summer. As the predatory factor, zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season. Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were obser,qed between phytoplankton biomass and pH, Trans （transparency of water） and DO. The results indicate that interactions between phyto：plankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity, which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability, and hence, advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.     

三峡水库蓄水至175 m后干流沉积物磷蓄积特征及释放潜力

为揭示三峡水库首次蓄水至175 m后,干流柱状沉积物磷的蓄积特征及其影响因素,于2010年10月下旬采集了三峡水库干流云阳至秭归等5个断面柱状沉积物样品,分析了沉积物粒径、有机质、矿物成分、总磷等理化特征,采用分级提取法分析了柱状沉积物各形态磷分布特征,并对三峡水库柱状沉积物磷的释放贡献率进行估算.结果表明,三峡水库干流柱状沉积物p H在7. 3～7. 8间,总体呈中性.沉积物组成以粉砂为主,含量为49. 4%～78. 6%,黏土为20. 6%～50. 6%,含砂量低于4. 4%,各断面中值粒径沿深度呈现出阶段性地增加或降低趋势.沉积物有机质含量为12. 94～53. 43 g·kg~(-1),从云阳至秭归断面沉积物有机质含量略有增加,碳氮比在4. 00～11. 64之间.三峡水库沉积物总磷为861. 86～1 024. 54 mg·kg~(-1),同一断面沉积物总磷垂向变化较小,且没有随深度变化呈现规律性变化趋势.三峡沉积物磷形态以钙磷为主,约占总磷含量的47. 83%～73. 90%,其余各形态磷所占比例较小.不同断面间磷形态垂向变化趋势差异较大.可交换态磷、铝磷及铁磷在个别断面表层0～4 cm范围内含量相对较高,而在16～20 cm处大部分断面沉积物各形态磷均不随深度发生变化.在同一深度下,不同断面生物可利用磷(可交换态磷、铁磷、铝磷之和,Bio-P)的含量及相对含量沿程分布趋势较为明显,从云阳至秭归断面均表现为沿程增加趋势. Bio-P相对含量为2. 78%～7. 05%,整体而言,三峡水库干流沉积物内源释放风险较小.沉积物生物可利用磷与有机质含量呈显著正相关(P 0. 05,N=50),有机质的分布和转化将影响三峡水库沉积物中磷的迁移和转化.     

嘉善地区水环境敏感点水质影响权重分析及风险等级判定

为保证嘉善地区水环境安全,在嘉善地区3次大规模野外水文、水质监测基础上,建立一维水动力及水质模型,选取嘉善地区3个水环境敏感点(包括国控断面红旗塘大坝、省控断面池家水文站以及陆斜塘水源地)进行水质影响权重分析(包括内外源权重、点面源权重);通过二级指标体系法,同时考虑高风险企业影响,判定水环境敏感点的风险等级.结果表明:①区域内部污染源对水环境敏感点影响大于区域外部污染源影响,COD内源平均影响权重为55.3%,氨氮为67.4%,TP为63.1%;面源影响大于点源影响,COD面源平均影响权重为53.7%,氨氮为65.9%,TP为57.8%;②红旗塘大坝和池家水文站为中风险,陆斜塘水源地除8月为中风险外,4月和12月均为低风险.本研究成果为保障水环境安全及社会经济安全运行提供决策依据.     

多壁碳纳米管分阶段暴露对热带爪蛙胚胎发育的毒性

近年来,碳纳米管（CNTs）的产量和使用量不断增大,提高了其释放到环境中的可能性.尽管碳纳米管的水生生态毒性有所报道,但对两栖动物胚胎的发育毒性研究仍比较少.本研究采用分阶段暴露的方式,以热带爪蛙胚胎的死亡率、孵化率、畸形率、畸形类型、心率、体长等作为毒性评价指标,研究不同浓度多壁碳纳米管（25、50 mg·L^-1）对爪蛙胚胎发育的胚胎毒性与敏感窗口.结果显示,多壁碳纳米管可导致爪蛙胚胎死亡率升高,孵化率降低,但对其心率、体长没有显著性影响（p>0.05）.产生的畸形类型包括心腔水肿、脊索弯曲、泄殖腔畸形、眼睛畸形等,其中,心腔水肿占的比例最大为28.7%.另外,根据死亡率、孵化率、畸形率等指标综合评价爪蛙胚胎对多壁碳纳米管的敏感程度,由强到弱的顺序依次是：原肠胚期、囊胚期、神经胚期、尾芽期.研究表明,浓度为25 mg·L^-1和50 mg·L^-1的多壁碳纳米管对热带爪蛙胚胎发育具有一定的毒性作用,其作用机理与胚胎卵膜粘附碳纳米管有间接关系,研究结果可为合理评价碳纳米管对水生生物胚胎的影响提供一定的理论参考.     

淋洗液对沿海滩涂设施土壤重金属的洗脱效应

为剖析不同淋洗液作用下土壤重金属的形态分布及淋洗效应,探究重金属活性钝化与总量消减调控技术,本文采用土柱模拟自然淋洗结合形态分析的方法,研究了不同浓度柠檬酸、EDTA和秸秆粉3种淋洗液对土壤Cd、Pb和Cr全量、形态分布及洗脱效果的影响.结果表明：盐碱环境下,柠檬酸和秸秆粉对土壤重金属的淋洗率不足1%,而EDTA对Pb和Cd的淋洗率分别达到24.62%和80.56%.形态分析结果表明：各处理对土壤Cd、Pb和Cr形态组成的影响程度表现为秸秆粉 > EDTA > 柠檬酸,EDTA和柠檬酸可增加酸溶态和可还原态含量进而促进重金属洗脱,但同时也提高了土壤有效态重金属含量并增加安全风险.秸秆粉对Cd和Pb的钝化效果最显著,促进其由其他形态向残渣态转化,但秸秆粉对Cr形态分布的影响较弱.     

Phosphorus accumulation and eutrophication in feed-supply freshwater fishponds

The rapid growth and intensification of freshwater fishery can cause imbalances between phosphorus （P） input in feed and its output in produce. This aquaculture can result in enriching exogenous P in fishponds and, consequently, accelerates the process of eutrophication. To assess relations among input, accumulation, release of P and as a consequence degrading water quality in terms of chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） in freshwater fishponds, fourteen fishponds with feed supply, nine fishponds without feed supply, and five nonfish ponds in Shaoxing Plain, southeast China were selected for comparing P accumulation in their waters and surface sediments. Surface sediment samples were collected from each pond to evaluate their total P, water soluble P, Olsen P, algal available P, and P fractions. Water samples were also collected from the ponds to measure concentrations of dissolved P and Chl-a. Total P in the sediments ranged from 0.88 to 1.73 g/kg in the fishponds with feed supply, that in the non-fish ponds ranged from 0.47 to 0.86 g/kg. Organic P, accounted for 23% to 60% of total P in the sediments, was an important P fraction and increased linearly with increasing organic matter. Long-term application of feeds resulted in increased P availability in the bottom sediments and degradation of water quality in the freshwater fishponds. Compared with non-fish ponds, sediments from the feed-supplied fishponds contained considerably higher Olsen P, algal available P, and water soluble P. Higher proportions of the labile P （NH4Cl-P） and potentially labile P （NaOH-IP） were also found in the sediments from the fishponds. High solubility of P in the sediments resulted in elevation of P and chlorophyll-a concentration in the pond water. The dissolved P concentration in the pond water increased in the order of non-fish ponds （12μg/L） 〈 fishponds without feed supply （24 μg/L） 〈 fishponds with feed supply （66 μg/L）. Linear correlations between concentrations of total P, Olsen-P, algal available P, water-soluble P and P concentration in saturation extracts in the sediments and dissolved P in the pond water indicated that there was a buffering action of the sediment constituents on the dissolved P.     

广州城区秋季大气PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子分析

分别在广州市中心城区高楼顶(距地50m)和交通干线路边(距地1.2m),于2006年秋季连续一周采集了大气PM2.5样品,对比分析了SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、F-、Na+、NH4+、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+等9种水溶性无机离子含量。结果表明,楼顶相对充分混合大气中PM2.5的质量浓度范围59.5～129.5μg/m3,均值为83.7μg/m3;交通干线路边大气PM2.5的质量浓度范围为108.4～132.2μg/m3,均值为121.1μg/m3。9种离子总浓度平均达到50.9(楼顶)和44.1(路边)μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的60.8%(楼顶)和36.4%(路边)。SO42-和NO3-为水溶性无机离子主要组成,其占PM2.5质量浓度的比例均是楼顶高于路边,显示二次气溶胶对楼顶充分混合大气中PM2.5有较大贡献,而路边样品中一次来源贡献相对较大。计算表明采样期间海盐对广州大气PM2.5中的水溶性组分贡献较小。NH4+当量浓度远小于SO42-和NO3-的当量浓度,中和度远1,反映PM2.5酸性较强,且楼项PM2.5粒子酸性高于路边样品。