基于生命周期评价方法的肉鸡屠宰场碳足迹分析

当今世界畜牧业发展迅速,环境问题亦不可小视,由CO_2、CH_4和N_2O等温室气体导致的全球变暖是热门话题。基于PA-LCA方法追踪某肉鸡屠宰场的碳足迹,找出热点问题,再以敏感性分析探究全生命周期总碳足迹的最敏感输入变量,并提出碳减排建议,最后将运营期碳足迹与其他国家进行比较,为屠宰行业清洁生产和节能减排提供依据。结果表明:在建设期,商品混凝土、预拌砂浆和钢材的生产过程碳足迹分别占建设期总量的30.94%、24.77%和20.04%;在运营期,电力生产过程的碳足迹占运营期总量的93.06%,从企业各部门角度分析,屠宰间和冷库的运营产生48.45%的碳足迹;在报废期,拆除建筑所耗能源的生产过程碳足迹占报废期总量的87.13%。通过敏感性分析,工厂运营1年的电耗对屠宰场全生命周期碳足迹总量的影响不及建设期商品混凝土生产过程对其的影响,但运营10年后,运营期电耗减小可显著降低屠宰场全生命周期碳足迹。我国屠宰场运营期碳足迹同其他国家相比较低,这与我国屠宰自动化程度低有关。所以如何平衡屠宰效率和环境影响是亟待解决的问题。     

A Novel Approach to Assessing the Prevalence and Drivers of Illegal Bushmeat Hunting in the Serengeti

Assessing anthropogenic effects on biological diversity, identifying drivers of human behavior, and motivating behavioral change are at the core of effective conservation. Yet knowledge of people's behaviors is often limited because the true extent of natural resource exploitation is difficult to ascertain, particularly if it is illegal. To obtain estimates of rule‐breaking behavior, a technique has been developed with which to ask sensitive questions. We used this technique, unmatched‐count technique (UCT), to provide estimates of bushmeat poaching, to determine motivation and seasonal and spatial distribution of poaching, and to characterize poaching households in the Serengeti. We also assessed the potential for survey biases on the basis of respondent perceptions of understanding, anonymity, and discomfort. Eighteen percent of households admitted to being involved in hunting. Illegal bushmeat hunting was more likely in households with seasonal or full‐time employment, lower household size, and longer household residence in the village. The majority of respondents found the UCT questions easy to understand and were comfortable answering them. Our results suggest poaching remains widespread in the Serengeti and current alternative sources of income may not be sufficiently attractive to compete with the opportunities provided by hunting. We demonstrate that the UCT is well suited to investigating noncompliance in conservation because it reduces evasive responses, resulting in more accurate estimates, and is technically simple to apply. We suggest that the UCT could be more widely used, with the trade‐off being the increased complexity of data analyses and requirement for large sample sizes. Una Aproximación Novedosa para Evaluar la Prevalencia y Factores de la Cacería Ilegal en el Serengueti     

西南地区农村生活污水治理规划体系研究——以自贡市沿滩区为例

为科学规划农村生活污水治理,进一步解决西南地区农村生活污水粗放、分散等问题.在充分调研沿滩区农村生活污水现状,收集国土、人口、DEM、水系、水源保护区等多项数据,建立了农村居民聚集区识别、环境敏感村划定方法,识别出沿滩区48个环境敏感区村庄、74个农村聚居区,构建出更为科学的农村生活污水治理规划体系,为农村生活污水整治...     

纳米气敏材料的研究与发展趋势

各种气体尤其是对可燃性气体和毒性气体的检测和监控已成为企业当前急需解决的问题之一。纳米技术对提高气敏材料的灵敏度、选择性和长期稳定性有重要的作用,并且能降低工作温度和缩短温度的响应时间。文中论述了氢气、硫化氢、碳氢化合物、氮氧化合物、乙醇、丙酮等气体的纳米气敏材料的研究现状,并对其发展的趋势进行了预测。     

四川水稻气候生态类型分异及区划

本文根据中国光温生态试验资料及四川水稻品比试验与气象观测的历史资料,讨论了早、中稻感温性和对温度的适应性,分析了播期、纬度、海拔等因素与稻种需求积温量的关系,以水稻品种类型对热量的适应性指标为依据,考虑四川水稻气候生态的差异性,划分出水稻综合气候生态类型区。     

Sensitivity and Vulnerability in Marine Environments: an Approach to Identifying Vulnerable Marine Areas

Abstract:  Marine environments have suffered from a lack of quantitative methods for delineating areas that are sensitive or vulnerable to particular stresses, natural and anthropogenic. We define sensitivity as the degree to which marine features respond to stresses, which are deviations of environmental conditions beyond the expected range. Vulnerability can then be defined as the probability that a feature will be exposed to a stress to which it is sensitive. Using these definitions, we provide a quantitative methodology for identifying vulnerable marine areas based on valued ecological features, defined as biological or physical features, processes, or structures deemed by humans to have environmental, social, cultural, or economic significance. The vulnerability of the valued ecological features is a function of their sensitivity to particular stresses and their vulnerability to those stresses. We used the methodology to demonstrate how vulnerable marine areas for two groups of endangered whale species (inshore and offshore) could be identified with a predictive habitat model and acoustic stress surfaces. Acoustic stress surfaces were produced for ferry traffic, commercial shipping traffic, potential offshore oil production, and small-boat traffic. The vulnerabilities of the two whale groups to the four stressors considered in this example were relatively similar; however, inshore species were more sensitive to on-shelf, coastal activities such as offshore hydrocarbon production, ferry traffic, and small-boat traffic. Our approach demonstrates how valued features can be associated with stresses and the likelihood of encountering these stresses (vulnerability) in order to identify geographic areas for management and conservation purposes. The method can be applied to any combination of valued ecological features and stressors.     

典型草地生态监测敏感因子筛选研究

选择甘肃省有代表性的草地生态环境———天祝县草地生态环境,进行生态环境监测指标体系敏感因子的筛选研究。通过实验、调查,收集大量数据资料,初步筛选、确定草地生态环境监测敏感因子,对所选敏感因子进行计算机处理与分析,确定敏感因子相关因素,从而建立数学模型;验证、修改和完善模型,最终建立草原生态环境监测系统简洁、高效的敏感因子指标体系,为建立和完善生态环境监测系统,准确、客观地评价生态环境奠定基础。     

汞的超高灵敏显色反应及其应用

对Ｈｇ（Ⅱ）－ｍｅｓｏ－４－（４－ＴＭＡＰ）Ｐ－ＤＤＭＡＡ－Ｔｗｅｅｎ８０超高灵敏显色体系的特性进行了研究。该显色体系在ＰＨ８．５～１０．５的硼酸－氢氧化钠介质最为适宜，显色体系最大吸收波长为４５０ｎｍ处，摩尔吸光系数ε４５０＝４．８×１０＾５Ｌ／ｍｏｌ．ｃｍ，试剂空白在４５０ｎｍ处时等于零。在ＤＤＭＡＡ，Ｔｗｅｅｎ８０条件下，Ｈｇ＾２＋与Ｍｅｓｏ－４（４－ＴＭＡＰ）Ｐ的组成比为１：１。在０～１０     

A numerical experiment for the simulating effects ofKuwait oil fire and volcanoes in Philippines andJapan on the general circulation and climate

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论环境质量综合指数（CIEQ）的灵敏性—兼对现有CIEQ的分析

提出环境质量综合指数（ＣＩＥＱ）的灵敏性概念，给出ＣＩＥＱ灵敏度的数学定义和灵敏度特征值的数学表达式，并以此有现有ＣＩＥＱ的灵敏性进行分析，讨论了它们的优劣和可能的改进。