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481.
482.
483.
Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) was introduced to South Africa from Europe as a means of stabilizing the Cape Flats in the 1870s, but was
only successfully established in the 1890s as it was found that seeds from the first introductions did not readily germinate.
By the end of the last century, it was successfully used as a dune stabilizing grass. It is now widely used in stabilization
projects along the Cape coastline, being established by planting cuttings or whole plants. Because of problems experienced
of marram becoming invasive, especially on the west coast of North America, and the fact that we have many invasive species
which threaten our indigenous dune fields, studies have been initiated on this plant in South Africa. Most work to date has
involved investigating the methods used to establish the plant in stabilization sites, and very little has been done on the
biology of the species in this country. Marram is generally thought not to seed in South Africa, and thus its spread has been
limited.
However, in the light of recent reports of successful germination of the seed, detailed studies on the phenology of seed production
and establishment in natural areas will be undertaken. Studies on the natural control by fungal species and nematodes will
be carried out in conjunction with work done in the Netherlands, so that a comparison of the biology of the species in South
Africa can be made with that in Europe, where it is used extensively to stabilize dunes. 相似文献
484.
Arthur Jeffrey L. Hachey Mark Sahr Kevin Huso Manuela Kiester A. R. 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》1997,4(2):153-165
The problem of selecting nature reserves has received increased attention in the literature during the past decade, and a variety of approaches have been promoted for selecting those sites to include in a reserve network. One set of techniques employs heuristic algorithms and thus provides possibly sub-optimal solutions. Another set of models and accompanying algorithms uses an integer programming formulation of the problem, resulting in an optimization problem known as the Maximal Covering Problem, or MCP. Solution of the MCP provides an optimal solution to the reserve site selection problem, and while various algorithms can be employed for solving the MCP they all suffer from the disadvantage of providing a single optimal solution dictating the selection of areas for conservation. In order to provide complete information to decision makers, the determination of all alternate optimal solutions is necessary. This paper explores two procedures for finding all such solutions. We describe the formulation and motivation of each method. A computational analysis on a data set describing native terrestrial vertebrates in the state of Oregon illustrates the effectiveness of each approach. 相似文献
485.
GREG J. McINERNY DAVID L. ROBERTS†‡ ANTHONY J. DAVY PHILLIP J. CRIBB† 《Conservation biology》2006,20(2):562-567
Abstract: We are now entering a time of immense environmental upheaval in which, increasingly, experts are required to provide conservation assessments. Quantitative assessment of trends in species' range and abundance is costly, requiring extensive field studies over a long period of time. Unfortunately, many species are only known through a few "chance" sightings or a handful of specimens, and therefore extinction may be even harder to ascertain. Several methods have been proposed for estimating the probability of extinction. However, comparison within and between species is difficult because of variations in sighting rates. We applied a probabilistic method that incorporates sighting rate to the sighting record of Vietnamese slipper orchids ( Paphiopedilum ). The method generates a probability that another sighting will occur given the previous sighting rate and the time since last observation. This allows greater comparability between species discovered at different times. Its predictions were more highly correlated with the World Conservation Union criteria than previous methods. Trends in data collection and the political climate of a country, which affects access to material, are important potential sources of variation that affect sighting rates. A lack of understanding of the process by which data are generated makes inferring extinction from sighting records difficult because extinction status depends on how the sighting rate varies. However, such methods allow rapid conservation prioritization of taxa that are poorly known and would otherwise go unassessed. 相似文献
486.
川中半自然型防护林演替过程中的物种多样性 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
四川中部绵阳官司河流域的半自然型林是长江中上游地区防护林的一个较典型类型。本文以它为研究对象,对群落的物种多样性及其在次生演替过程中的动态变化趋势进行了初步研究,并结合影响多样性的几个主要环境因子进行了相关性分析。结果表明:(1)现阶段该防护林的植物种类组成和群落结构均较简单,松、柏、栎混交的针阔叶林占绝对优势,其物种多样性较小,但随着群落次生演替的进展,各层次的多样性趋于增加;(2)用灰色系统理论的关联度分析方法研究群落的物种多样性与主要环境因子的相关性是可行的。经测定,研究区的土壤pH值,外界干扰度和土壤含水量等指标对防护林的物种多样性有显著的影响。图2表3参16 相似文献
487.
高浓度复合型聚铁硅絮凝剂PFSS和PSFS的形态分布研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用紫外分光光度法、逐时络合比色法和红外图谱从不同角度对高浓度聚合硫酸铁硅和聚合硅酸铁的形态分布及转化规律进行了探讨。紫外吸收表明,聚铁硅絮凝剂中主要以Fe(OH)+2、Fe2(OH)4+2等二聚体为主,而且还有三聚体或其他聚合形态的存在;逐时络合分析显示,复合型聚铁硅体系中硅形态以Si(c)为主,铁形态以Fe(a)和Fe(c)为主;红外图谱证实高浓度聚铁硅是以羟桥为主结构连接的高分子复合物,在1100cm-1附近M—OH—M的振动证明有铁羟基及其聚合态存在,且其形态区别于PFS。 相似文献
488.
National Threatened Species Listing Based on IUCN Criteria and Regional Guidelines: Current Status and Future Perspectives 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
489.
A Decision Framework for the Adaptive Management of an Exploited Species with Implications for Marine Reserves 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract: Marine reserves have both conservation and fishery benefits. Nevertheless, there are no general criteria about when and where to establish new reserves, how to evaluate their efficacy, and how to conduct adaptive management to achieve conservation goals. We applied a decision-theory framework to optimally allocate conservation resources between improving data on population status and establishing a reserve for species conservation. Our goal was to maximize reserve benefits given the constraints of a population growth rate that would permit sustainability of resources. We illustrate our decision framework with a retrospective analysis of a 7-year time series on abundance of the leopard grouper ( Mycteroperca rosacea ) in the Sea of Cortés, Mexico. We used the lower bound of the distribution of the population growth rate ( λ ) as a decision rule for determining how many years of monitoring are needed to detect reserve effects. We determined the minimum time frame needed to estimate λ based on a stated level of risk tolerance for four sites. As expected, the coefficient of variation for the λ declined with the number of years of data. This increased precision with additional years of data resulted from the high degree of annual variability in the system. Where populations were slow to respond to reserves, more data were needed to detect a positive λ value. For the leopard grouper case study, confidence in the estimate of λ increased with the number of years of data. Our decision framework may be used to identify the minimum number of years of data needed before a management decision about reserve establishment could be made that is reasonably likely to meet its management objectives. 相似文献
490.
Voluntary conservation of endangered species: when does no regulatory assurance mean no conservation? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Voluntary conservation agreements are becoming increasingly important in implementing the Endangered Species Act on private land. We analyze when such agreements arise and what level of conservation they generate in the presence of uncertainty about future conservation benefits and irreversibility of habitat loss and species extinction. Our results suggest that the likelihood of an agreement and the resulting conservation levels depend on the background threat of regulation, the cost advantage offered by voluntary agreements, and the availability of assurances regarding future regulation. Under conditions likely to hold in practice, conservation agreements that offer assurances may generate higher levels of conservation and higher net social benefits than agreements that do not offer assurances. However, the resulting level of conservation will not be optimal, and may be lower than that attainable under regulation. 相似文献